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PSYC2450 > Ch. 10 - Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance > Flashcards

Ch. 10 - Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is the psychometric approach?

A

A theoretical perspective that portrays intelligence as a trait (or set of traits) on which individuals differ; psychometric theorists are responsible for the development of standardized intelligence tests

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2
Q

What is mental age (MA)?

A

A measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems a child is able to solve

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3
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

A statistical procedure for identifying clusters of tests or test items (called factors) that are highly correlated with one another and unrelated to other test items

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4
Q

What is ‘g’?

A

Spearman’s abbreviation for neogenesis, which, roughly translated, means an individual’s ability to understand relations (or general mental ability)

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5
Q

What is ‘s’?

A

Spearman’s term for mental abilities that are specific to particular tests

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6
Q

What are primary mental abilities?

A

Seven mental abilities, identified by factor analysis, that Thurstone believed to represent the structure of intelligence

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7
Q

What is the structure-of-intellect model?

A

Guilford’s factor analytic model of intelligence, which proposes that there are 180 mental abilities

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8
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

The ability to perceive relationships and solve relational problems of the type that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influences

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9
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

The ability to understand relations or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired from schooling and other cultural influences

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10
Q

What is the hierarchical model of intelligence?

A

Model of the structure of intelligence in which a broad, general ability factor is at the top of the hierarchy, with a number of specialized ability factors nested underneath

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11
Q

What is the three-stratum theory of intelligence?

A

Carroll’s hierarchical model of intelligence with g at the top of the hierarchy, eight broad abilities at the second level, or stratum, and narrower domains of each second-stratum ability at the third stratum

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12
Q

What is the triarchic theory?

A

A recent information-processing theory of intelligence that emphasizes three aspects of intelligent behaviour not normally tapped by IQ tests: the context of the action; the person’s experience with the task (or situation); and the information-processing strategies the person applies to the task (or situation)

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13
Q

Describe cultural bias?

A

The situation that arises when one cultural or subcultural group is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore has an unfair advantage

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14
Q

What is the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

Gardner’s theory that humans display as many as nine distinct kinds of intelligence, each linked to a particular area of the brain and several of which are not measured by IQ tests

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15
Q

What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

A

Modern descendant of the first successful intelligence test; measures general intelligence and four factors: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, spatial reasoning, and short-term memory

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16
Q

What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A

A numerical measure of a person’s performance on an intelligence test relative to the performance of other examinees

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17
Q

What are test norms?

A

Standards of normal performance on psychometric instruments that are based on the average scores and the range of scores obtained by a large, representative sample of test takers

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18
Q

What is a deviation IQ score?

A

An intelligence test score that reflects how well or poorly a person performs compared with others of the same age

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19
Q

What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)?

A

Widely used individual intelligence test that includes a measure of general intelligence and both verbal and performance intelligence

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20
Q

What is normal distribution?

A

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the variability of certain characteristics within a population; most people fall at or near the average score, with relatively few at the extremes of the distribution

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21
Q

What is the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)?

A

Individual intelligence test for children; grounded heavily in information-processing theory

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22
Q

What is dynamic assessment?

A

An approach to assessing intelligence that evaluates how well individuals learn new material when an examiner provides them with competent instruction

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23
Q

What is a developmental quotient (DQ)?

A

A numerical measure of an infant’s performance on a developmental schedule, relative to the performance of other infants of the same age

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24
Q

What is the cumulative-deficit hypothesis?

A

The notion that impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and that these inhibiting effects accumulate over time

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25
Q

What is tacit (or practical) intelligence?

A

Ability to size up everyday problems and solve them; only modestly related to IQ

26
Q

What is mental retardation?

A

Significant sub-average intellectual functioning associated with impairments in adaptive behaviour in everyday life

27
Q

How is the currently used deviation IQ determined?

a. by comparing the child’s mental age to chronological age, IQ = MA/CA x 100
b. by comparing the child’s performance to other children of his or her own age
c. by comparing how much the child’s performance deviates from adult performance
d. by subtracting missed items from 100 and dividing by the child’s chronological age

A

b. by comparing the child’s performance to other children of his or her own age

28
Q

Joanna has been labelled mildly mentally retarded with an IQ of 65 and displays cultural-familial retardation. What can we most likely assume about Joanna?

a. She has deficits caused by Down syndrome, disease, or injury.
b. She will require basic institutional care throughout her life.
c. She has deficits reflecting a combination of low genetic potential and an unstimulating rearing environment.
d. She cannot attend to her basic self-care and social skills.

A

c. She has deficits reflecting a combination of low genetic potential and an unstimulating rearing environment.

29
Q

What type of predictors have infant development scales such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development been found to be?

a. poor predictors of later IQ, probably because IQ performance is such an unstable attribute
b. good predictors of later IQ, probably because IQ is such a stable attribute
c. good predictors of later IQ, probably because intelligence is so highly canalized
d. poor predictors of later IQ, probably because infant tests and later IQ tests tap different abilities

A

d. poor predictors of later IQ, probably because infant tests and later IQ tests tap different abilities

30
Q

Dr. Smahtee is a clinical psychologist who administers intelligence tests to children as one aspect of his professional work. His view of intelligence is consistent with the psychometric perspective of Cattell and Horn. On one test, he asks children to name as many of the provincial capitals as they can remember. With these test, which of the children’s intelligences does Dr. Smahtee assume he is testing?

a. g, or general
b. fluid
c. crystallized
d. motor

A

c. crystallized

31
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

Systematic increase in IQ scores observed over the 20th century

32
Q

What is the HOME inventory?

A

A measure of the amount and type of intellectual stimulation provided by a child’s home environment

33
Q

What is the cultural/test bias hypothesis?

A

The notion that IQ tests and testing procedures have a built-in middle-class bias that explains the substandard performance of children from lower-class and minority subcultures

34
Q

What are culture-fair tests?

A

Intelligence tests constructed to minimize any irrelevant cultural biases in test content that could influence test performance

35
Q

What is the stereotype threat?

A

When people’s behaviour is influenced by a desire to contradict the stereotypes they believe may be applied to them

36
Q

What is the genetic hypothesis?

A

The notion that group differences in IQ are hereditary

37
Q

What are Level I abilities?

A

Jensen’s term for lower-level intellectual abilities (such as attention and short-term memory) that are important for simple association learning

38
Q

What are Level II abilities?

A

Jensen’s term for higher-level cognitive skills that are involved in abstract reasoning and problem solving

39
Q

What is the environmental hypothesis?

A

The notion that groups differ in IQ because the environments in which they are raised and are not equally conducive to intellectual growth

40
Q

The higher correlation of IQ for identical than for fraternal twins is typically interpreted as evidence for the influence of which of the following?

a. heredity in intellectual performance
b. environment in intellectual performance
c. general sibling relationships in intellectual performance
d. special bonding between identical twins in intellectual performance

A

a. heredity in intellectual performance

41
Q

Arthur Jensen identified two broad classes of intellectual abilities. In his classification scheme, what would abstract reasoning skills be considered?

a. fluid abilities
b. Level I abilities
c. crystallized abilities
d. Level II abilities

A

d. Level II abilities

42
Q

The Flynn effect refers to which of the following long-term trends?

a. Later generations have become less religious
b. Hereditary influences have become stronger
c. IQs have risen in the entire population
d. Evolution has explained the brain’s performance

A

c. IQs have risen in the entire population

43
Q

At the annual company party, Joe Plodder got the Employee of the Year award. He said, ‘Ah didn’t go to college, but Ah do well because Ah got my smarts from the School of Hard Knocks.’ In this speech, which high level did Joe allude to?

a. his formal education
b. his Flynn effect intelligence
c. his crystallized intelligence
d. his tacit/practical intelligence

A

d. his tacit/practical intelligence

44
Q

Intellectually stimulating parents are unlikely to do which of the following when interacting with their children?

a. emphasize the importance of academic achievement
b. describe what is happening near or around the child
c. encourage rote memorization
d. encourage the child to ask questions

A

c. encourage rote memorization

45
Q

T or F: One of the three major hypotheses that has been offered to explain ethnic/social class differences in IQ is the disease/general health hypothesis.

A

False

46
Q

T or F: The motivational factor in IQ testing refers to how hard a child works to excel during the test.

A

True

47
Q

What are compensatory interventions?

A

Special educational programs designed to further the cognitive growth and scholastic achievements of disadvantaged children

48
Q

What is Head Start?

A

A large-scale preschool educational program designed to provide children from low-income families with a variety of social and intellectual experiences that might better prepare them for school

49
Q

What are two-generation interventions?

A

Interventions that aim to both stimulate children’s intellectual development through preschool daycare and school and to assist parents to move out of poverty

50
Q

What is giftedness?

A

The possession of unusually high intellectual potential or other special talents

51
Q

What is creativity?

A

The ability to generate novel ideas or works that are useful and valued by others

52
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

Thinking that requires an individual to come up with a single correct answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure

53
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

Thinking that requires a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no one correct answer

54
Q

What is the investment theory of creativity?

A

Recent theory specifying that the ability to invest in innovative projects and to generate creative solutions depends on a convergence of creative resources; namely, background knowledge, intellectual abilities, personality characteristics, motivation, and environmental support and encouragement

55
Q

What has been the overriding goal of Head Start compensatory preschools?

a. to provide employment to teachers
b. to prepare low-income children for elementary school
c. to ensure adequate nutrition for low-income children
d. to boost visible minority childrens’ IQ scores with effective teaching

A

b. to prepare low-income children for elementary school

56
Q

Who were the participants in the Carolina Abecedarian Project, a longitudinal intervention program?

a. orphans who suffered neglect in large institutions
b. low-income infants at risk for mental retardation
c. teenagers who had trouble with criminal activity
d. white children of middle-class families

A

b. low-income infants at risk for mental retardation

57
Q

Learning to Learn differs from other preschool interventions because of its special emphasis on which of the following?

a. character training, emphasizing personal responsibility
b. parental involvement in the program
c. extra support for reading, writing, and math skills
d. well-balanced nutrition, especially at breakfast

A

b. parental involvement in the program

58
Q

Bonzo purchases junk at flea markets and imaginatively refurnishes it into entirely different products, which resell at high prices. How would the Sternberg-Lubart investment theory classify Bonzo’s behaviour?

a. creative
b. financially thrifty
c. convergent thinking
d. concern about his own developmental quotient

A

a. creative

59
Q

T or F: Creativity may be fostered in schools by encouraging exploration and self-paced learning

A

True

60
Q

T or F: The best predictor of academic competency and IQ test performance is family income.

A

True

61
Q

T or F: The ‘diffusion effect’ reported by Seitz’s two-generation family intervention meant that the gains happened regardless of the program’s content.

A

False

PSYC2450 (7 decks)

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