Ch 9

Question 1

the idea that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task or relationship- oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group

Answer 1

contingency theory of leadership

Question 2

the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as when they are in a crowd)

Answer 2

deindividuation

Question 3

the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

Answer 3

great person theory

Question 4

two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other

Answer 4

group

Question 5

qualities of a group that bind them together and promote liking between them

Answer 5

group cohesiveness

Question 6

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the original inclinations of their members

Answer 6

group polarization

Question 7

a kind of decision process in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important that considering the facts in a realistic manner

Answer 7

groupthink

Question 8

a solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side

Answer 8

integrative solution

Question 9

a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree

Answer 9

negotiation

Question 10

any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving

Answer 10

process loss

Question 11

leaders who are concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships

Answer 11

relationship-oriented leaders

Question 12

a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone

Answer 12

social dilemma

Question 13

when people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks

Answer 13

social facilitation

Question 14

when people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, the tendency to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex or important tasks

Answer 14

social loafing

Question 15

shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave

Answer 15

social roles

Question 16

leaders who are concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships

Answer 16

task-oriented leaders

Question 17

a means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial

Answer 17

tit-for-tat strategy

Question 18

leaders who set clear, short term goals and reward people who meet them

Answer 18

transactional leaders

Question 19

the combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of the individual members

Answer 19

transitive memory

Question 20

leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals

Answer 20

transformational leaders