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BIOL1003 > Ch. 9-12: Exam 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 9-12: Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

Heredity

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2
Q

Why were pea plants a good experimental model

A

You can easily control their reproduction

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3
Q

An organism’s genetic makeup is called its

A

Genotype

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4
Q

If both parents are heterozygous for type A blood, what is the chance their offspring will have type O blood

A

25%

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5
Q

Natalie has type O blood and her sister has type AB blood. What are the genotypes of the girls’ parents

A

IAi and IBi

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6
Q

Genes come in different versions called

A

Alleles

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7
Q

What term describes the condition where the two copies are different

A

Heterozygous

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8
Q

Using a standard 52-card deck, what is the probability of being dealt an ace

A

1/13

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9
Q

A man and a woman who are both carriers of anemia have three children without anemia. If the couple has a fourth child, what is the probability that the child will have the disorder

A

25%

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10
Q

What is meant by a sex-linked gene

A

A gene that is located on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome

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11
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three ways that viruses can get into a plant

A

Through the stomata

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12
Q

What type of mutation would occur if an amino acid replaced another in a sequence

A

Substitution

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13
Q

Which organelle coordinates translation

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Which of the following does not participate directly in translation: ribosomes, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, DNA

A

DNA

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15
Q

__ is the use of information in an RNA molecule for the synthesis of a polypeptide

A

Translation

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16
Q

Which of the following is not a phase of transcription

A

Splicing

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17
Q

Of the 64 codons, how many are start codons

A

1

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18
Q

What is the sugar phosphate backbone

A

Nucleotides joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next

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19
Q

Which of the following geneticists is not responsible for the discovery of DNA’s double helix

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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20
Q

Long chains of chemical units are called

A

Nucleotides

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21
Q

Your bone cells, muscle cells, and skin cells look different because

A

Different genes are active in each kind of cell

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22
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three ways that RNA may be processed after a gene is transcribed in the nucleus

A

By the repressor binding to the operator

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23
Q

A gene that causes cancer is called a

A

Oncogene

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24
Q

What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning

A

To produce embryonic stem cells

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25
Q

A cell producing and secreting chemicals, such as hormones, that affect gene regulation in other cells is an example of what

A

Cell signaling

26
Q

Which of the following is not included in RNA processing

A

Translating a codon into an anticodon

27
Q

A __ is the site where the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

A

Promoter

28
Q

Which organism produces the enzymes to digest lactose

A

Escherichia coli

29
Q

After a restriction enzyme binds to its restriction site, it cuts the two strands of the DNA by

A

Breaking chemical bonds at specific points within the sequence

30
Q

How do cells develop differently from one another

A

Gene regulation

31
Q

After a gel electrophoresis procedure is run, the pattern of bars in the gel shows

A

The presence of various-sized fragments of DNA

32
Q

What feature of a DNA fragment causes it to move through a gel during electrophoresis

A

The electrical charges of its phosphate groups

33
Q

Neanderthals are our closest living relatives

A

False

34
Q

What device is used to multiply DNA strands

A

Polymerase chain reaction

35
Q

__ is the manipulation of organisms of their components to make useful products

A

Biotechnology

36
Q

The CRISPR-Cas9 system allows the nucleotide sequence of specific genes to be edited in living cells

A

True

37
Q

The Innocence project was a massive scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene

A

False

38
Q

Organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

A

Transgenic organism

39
Q

__ is intended to treat disease by introducing genes into an afflicted person

A

Human gene therapy

40
Q

PCR permits a scientist to obtain enough DNA to allow a DNA profile to be constructed

A

True

41
Q

What is the process by which genotype becomes expressed as a phenotype

A

Gene expression

42
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of __ monomers

A

Nucleotide

43
Q

After a restriction enzyme binds to its restriction site, it cuts the two strands of the DNA by

A

Breaking chemical bonds at specific points within the sequence

44
Q

Restriction enzymes are obtained from

A

Bacteria

45
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments primarily on the basis of differences in their

A

Length

46
Q

The backbone of DNA consists of

A

A repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar pattern

47
Q

__ is intended to treat disease by introducing genes into an afflicted person

A

Human gene therapy

48
Q

The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was

A

Humulin

49
Q

This is when one of the two x chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random

A

X chromosomes inactivation

50
Q

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences

A

Operon

51
Q

What is the function of a repressor protein

A

To turn off transcription by binding to the operator

52
Q

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA

A

98.5%

53
Q

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is

A

Gene cloning

54
Q

An individual who is homozygous

A

Carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

55
Q

Cells communicate with one another via

A

Signal transduction pathways

56
Q

What is the best definition of recombinant DNA

A

DNA that includes nucleotides from two different sources

57
Q

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called

A

Genomics

58
Q

How do cells develop differently from one another

A

Gene regulation

59
Q

A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and purebred white flowering pea plant would produce a

A

Hybrid

60
Q

“Sticky ends” are __ that are produced by the action of

A

Double-stranded DNA molecules w/ single-stranded ends; restriction enzymes

BIOL1003 (5 decks)

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