Ch. 9-12: Exam 3 Flashcards
__ is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Heredity
Why were pea plants a good experimental model
You can easily control their reproduction
An organism’s genetic makeup is called its
Genotype
If both parents are heterozygous for type A blood, what is the chance their offspring will have type O blood
25%
Natalie has type O blood and her sister has type AB blood. What are the genotypes of the girls’ parents
IAi and IBi
Genes come in different versions called
Alleles
What term describes the condition where the two copies are different
Heterozygous
Using a standard 52-card deck, what is the probability of being dealt an ace
1/13
A man and a woman who are both carriers of anemia have three children without anemia. If the couple has a fourth child, what is the probability that the child will have the disorder
25%
What is meant by a sex-linked gene
A gene that is located on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome
Which of the following is not one of the three ways that viruses can get into a plant
Through the stomata
What type of mutation would occur if an amino acid replaced another in a sequence
Substitution
Which organelle coordinates translation
Ribosomes
Which of the following does not participate directly in translation: ribosomes, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, DNA
DNA
__ is the use of information in an RNA molecule for the synthesis of a polypeptide
Translation
Which of the following is not a phase of transcription
Splicing
Of the 64 codons, how many are start codons
1
What is the sugar phosphate backbone
Nucleotides joined together by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next
Which of the following geneticists is not responsible for the discovery of DNA’s double helix
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Long chains of chemical units are called
Nucleotides
Your bone cells, muscle cells, and skin cells look different because
Different genes are active in each kind of cell
Which of the following is not one of the three ways that RNA may be processed after a gene is transcribed in the nucleus
By the repressor binding to the operator
A gene that causes cancer is called a
Oncogene
What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning
To produce embryonic stem cells
A cell producing and secreting chemicals, such as hormones, that affect gene regulation in other cells is an example of what
Cell signaling
Which of the following is not included in RNA processing
Translating a codon into an anticodon
A __ is the site where the enzyme RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription
Promoter
Which organism produces the enzymes to digest lactose
Escherichia coli
After a restriction enzyme binds to its restriction site, it cuts the two strands of the DNA by
Breaking chemical bonds at specific points within the sequence
How do cells develop differently from one another
Gene regulation
After a gel electrophoresis procedure is run, the pattern of bars in the gel shows
The presence of various-sized fragments of DNA
What feature of a DNA fragment causes it to move through a gel during electrophoresis
The electrical charges of its phosphate groups
Neanderthals are our closest living relatives
False
What device is used to multiply DNA strands
Polymerase chain reaction
__ is the manipulation of organisms of their components to make useful products
Biotechnology
The CRISPR-Cas9 system allows the nucleotide sequence of specific genes to be edited in living cells
True
The Innocence project was a massive scientific endeavor to determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and identify the location and sequence of every gene
False
Organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means
Transgenic organism
__ is intended to treat disease by introducing genes into an afflicted person
Human gene therapy
PCR permits a scientist to obtain enough DNA to allow a DNA profile to be constructed
True
What is the process by which genotype becomes expressed as a phenotype
Gene expression
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of __ monomers
Nucleotide
After a restriction enzyme binds to its restriction site, it cuts the two strands of the DNA by
Breaking chemical bonds at specific points within the sequence
Restriction enzymes are obtained from
Bacteria
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments primarily on the basis of differences in their
Length
The backbone of DNA consists of
A repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar pattern
__ is intended to treat disease by introducing genes into an afflicted person
Human gene therapy
The world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was
Humulin
This is when one of the two x chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random
X chromosomes inactivation
In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences
Operon
What is the function of a repressor protein
To turn off transcription by binding to the operator
Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA
98.5%
The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is
Gene cloning
An individual who is homozygous
Carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
Cells communicate with one another via
Signal transduction pathways
What is the best definition of recombinant DNA
DNA that includes nucleotides from two different sources
The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called
Genomics
How do cells develop differently from one another
Gene regulation
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and purebred white flowering pea plant would produce a
Hybrid
“Sticky ends” are __ that are produced by the action of
Double-stranded DNA molecules w/ single-stranded ends; restriction enzymes
