Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 103 mini hybrid > Ch. 8 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define cell division

A
  • the reproduction of cells
  • the two “daughter” cells are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the purposes of cell division

A

-growth
-repair
-offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction

A

similar- they both reproduce
diff- asexual has identical copies while sexual has a variety of offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe a prokaryotic chromosome

A
  • most genes are carried on one circular DNA that constitutes the organisms chromosome
  • it is one long curled up string
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe prokaryotic cell division/binary fission

A
  • they divide in half
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

A
  • contains one large DNA molecule
  • DNA molecule is only seen when cell is splitting, otherwise it’s a thin chromatin fiber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define sister chromatids

A
  • when the chromosomes start duplicating, before a cell starts dividing
  • two chromatids that are identical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define cell cycle

A

an ordered sequence of events that run from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell unit to its own division into two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the stages in the eukaryotic cycle

A

-interphase: G1, S, G2
-mitosis: PPMAT
-cytokinesis: the growing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the phases of interphase

A

-G1: lots of growth
-S : chromosomes are duplicated
-G2 : more growth and preparing for cellular division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define mitosis

A

nuclear division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when is the majority of a cell’s life spent in

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define karyokinesis

A

another term for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list the stages of mitosis

A

PPMAT
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe prophase

A
  • chromatin becomes tightly coiled into chromosomes
  • forms sister chromatids
  • mitotic spindle begins to form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • centrosomes move to the poles and microtubules reach to the chromosomes and attach to the kinetochore (protein that holds sisters together)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe metaphase

A

spindle is fully formed and chromosomes line up down the middle of the spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe anaphase

A

the centromeres pull apart, separating the sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe telophase

A
  • the reverse of prophase
  • the chromosomes uncoil and return to chromatin form
  • daughter nuclei appear at poles and envelope appears around them to form two new nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe cytokinesis

A
  • cell division of the cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define kinetochore

A

the protein fibers that connect sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what type of cell has cleavage

A

only animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define apoptosis

A

cell death

24
Q

compare cytokinesis in animal and plant cells

A
  • both duplicate cells
  • animal cell has cleavage and plant cell uses a cell plate to split
25
Q

describe the cell cycle control system

A

a set of proteins that regulate and stop and go of cells dividing

26
Q

what are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle control system

A
  • G1: between G1 and S
  • G2: before mitosis
  • M: between metaphase and anaphase
27
Q

describe G0

A

a permanently nondividing stage (cardiac muscle and nerve cells)

28
Q

how are cancerous cells different from healthy cells

A

the divide excessively, forming tumors, they aren’t regulated by the cell cycle

29
Q

define benign

A

doesn’t invade other tissues

30
Q

define malignant

A

does invade other tissues

31
Q

define angiogenesis

A

reroute blood vessel

32
Q

define metastasis

A

to spread

33
Q

define somatic cells

A

body cells

34
Q

describe chromosome number in a typical somatic cells

A
  • humans cells have 46
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
35
Q

describe autosomes

A

chromosomes other than sex chromosomes that determine all other traits (first 22)

36
Q

describe sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (last pair)

37
Q

define locus

A

carrying the same genes for the same characteristics at the same time

38
Q

define life cycle

A

a sequence of generation to generation stages in the history of an organism, from fertilization to the production of its own offspring

39
Q

define gametes

A
  • eggs and sperm
  • are haploid cells with a single set of chromosomes
40
Q

what’s the difference between haploid and diploid cells

A

diploid has two sets of chromosomes while haploid only has one

41
Q

explain the process of fertilization

A

when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, resulting in a fertilized egg or a zygote (has one set of chromosomes from each parent so its a haploid)

42
Q

what happens in meiosis ll

A

meiosis one repeats, except meiosis ll results in 4 cells

43
Q

what are the stages of meiosis

A

prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telophase l, cytokinesis l, meiosis ll

44
Q

describe prophase l

A

when crossing over occurs

45
Q

describe metaphase l

A

random alignment

46
Q

describe anaphase l

A

sister chromatids remain attached, homologous chromosomes separate

47
Q

describe telophase l

A

cleavage furrow

48
Q

describe cytokinesis

A

fully separates

49
Q

describe meiosis ll

A
  • sister chromatids in each chromosomes separate
  • results in 4 haploid cells
50
Q

define tetrads

A

a set of 4 chromatids

51
Q

compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis

A
  • they both reproduce, both require ATP
  • meiosis has two parts, mitosis is asexual
52
Q

what are the 3 ways genetic variation is produced

A
  • independent orientation
  • random fertilization
  • crossing over
53
Q

define chiasma

A

the place where two homologous (nonsister) chromatids are attached to each other

54
Q

define karyotyping

A

a photographic inventory of an individuals chromosomes

55
Q

why is karyotyping important

A

so chromosomal abnormalities can be detected

56
Q

how do white blood cells support karyotyping

A
  • they’re isolated
  • stimulated to grow
  • arrested at metaphase
  • photographed under a microsope

Bio 103 mini hybrid (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions