Ch. 1,2,3 Test Flashcards
explain order
living things are comprised of the same chemical elements, obey same physical/chemical laws as non-living things, has at least one cell
explain reproduction
one parent cell (mitosis) clones cells, two parent cells of varying genetics (meiosis) unique offspring
explain growth and development
inherited info in DNA controls the pattern of growth. growth is where building up outweighs breaking down (increase in size/number of cells)
explain energy processing
to take energy and use it to power all activities (the capacity to work)
explain regulation
the positive reaction to a negative reaction (sunbathing in lizards, homeostasis)
explain response to environment/stimuli
responding to changes in the environment (pupils dilate in light)
explain evolutionary adaptation
when evolving over generations, the organisms that aren’t fit to survive die, and the ones that have traits that allow them to survive in their environment survive, reproduce, and carry on those traits that help them survive
define cell
the smallest most basic unit of life
define metabolism
encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (anabolism, catabolism)
define homeostasis
a state of biological balance
what are the taxa from most specific to very general
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
define taxonomy
the discipline of biology that identifies and classifies organisms according to certain rules
compare the three domains of life
- bacteria, archea and eukarya all have unicellular organisms
- eukarya can have multicellular organisms and has sexual reproduction
- archea lives in extreme environments
list the 4 kingdoms of eukarya
- protists
- plantae
- fungi
- animalia
explain the principles of a scientific name
the first word in genus, second is epiphet(species). Genus is capitalized while species is not. is italicized or underlined
describe the level of organization from molecules to biosphere
- all biological things work together to create a larger level of organization
- molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organism>population>community>ecosystem>biosphere
define emergent property
ex. when cells develop into tissues, tissues still retain the same characteristics as cells while also gaining new characteristics that cells don’t have
define science
an attempt to predict and explain natural phenomenon
distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific theory
a hypothesis is a proposed explanation bases on observation, while a scientific theory is an explanation based on a LOT of evidence
describe the structure of a controlled experiment
it compares an experimental group with a control group (change one component in the system at a time)
define independent variable
the one factor that is changed
define dependent variable
the result of the independent variable being changed
define control
the factor that never changes
explain the goal of science
to understand natural phenomenon
explain the goal of technology
to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose
how are science and technology interdependent
technological advances stem from scientific discoveries and scientists rely on technology to conduct their studies
list the 5 unifying themes in biology
- evolution is the core theme of
biology - life depends on the flow of
information - structure and function are
related - life depends on the transfer
and transformation of energy
and matter - life depends on the interactions
within and between systems
define evolution
a process that changes life over long periods of time
what are the two main points of Darwin’s main theory of evolution
- species today arose from
ancestors that were different
from them
ex. all birds have the same
body plan but they are all
uniquely structures for their
specific environments - natural selection; animals carry
down traits that allow them to
survive while the others die
explain how life depends on the flow of information
we wouldn’t be able to produce the material we need to survive(protein) or conduct homeostasis
describe the relationship between structure and function in biology
usually what the structure looks like is what it’s function is. Only the heart can pump blood unlike the large intestine.
explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
deenergy only flows in one
direction
describe cycling of matter
chemicals are changed and reused (recycled) ex. water cycle
explain how systems biology is used to understand biological systems
they analyze the interactions of the parts in the biological system (everything is a breaking down/building up process)
define matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
define element
a substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
define compound
two or more elements in a fixed ratio
ex. sodium + chlorine = salt
state the 6 elements that are essential to life and make up approximately 99% of living matter
CHNOPS
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur
describe the structure of an atom
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
describe location and charge of each subatomic particle
neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge) are in the nucleus, electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus