Ch. 1,2,3 Test Flashcards
explain order
living things are comprised of the same chemical elements, obey same physical/chemical laws as non-living things, has at least one cell
explain reproduction
one parent cell (mitosis) clones cells, two parent cells of varying genetics (meiosis) unique offspring
explain growth and development
inherited info in DNA controls the pattern of growth. growth is where building up outweighs breaking down (increase in size/number of cells)
explain energy processing
to take energy and use it to power all activities (the capacity to work)
explain regulation
the positive reaction to a negative reaction (sunbathing in lizards, homeostasis)
explain response to environment/stimuli
responding to changes in the environment (pupils dilate in light)
explain evolutionary adaptation
when evolving over generations, the organisms that aren’t fit to survive die, and the ones that have traits that allow them to survive in their environment survive, reproduce, and carry on those traits that help them survive
define cell
the smallest most basic unit of life
define metabolism
encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (anabolism, catabolism)
define homeostasis
a state of biological balance
what are the taxa from most specific to very general
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
define taxonomy
the discipline of biology that identifies and classifies organisms according to certain rules
compare the three domains of life
- bacteria, archea and eukarya all have unicellular organisms
- eukarya can have multicellular organisms and has sexual reproduction
- archea lives in extreme environments
list the 4 kingdoms of eukarya
- protists
- plantae
- fungi
- animalia
explain the principles of a scientific name
the first word in genus, second is epiphet(species). Genus is capitalized while species is not. is italicized or underlined
describe the level of organization from molecules to biosphere
- all biological things work together to create a larger level of organization
- molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ system>organism>population>community>ecosystem>biosphere
define emergent property
ex. when cells develop into tissues, tissues still retain the same characteristics as cells while also gaining new characteristics that cells don’t have
define science
an attempt to predict and explain natural phenomenon
distinguish between a hypothesis and a scientific theory
a hypothesis is a proposed explanation bases on observation, while a scientific theory is an explanation based on a LOT of evidence
describe the structure of a controlled experiment
it compares an experimental group with a control group (change one component in the system at a time)
define independent variable
the one factor that is changed
define dependent variable
the result of the independent variable being changed
define control
the factor that never changes
explain the goal of science
to understand natural phenomenon
explain the goal of technology
to apply scientific knowledge for a specific purpose
how are science and technology interdependent
technological advances stem from scientific discoveries and scientists rely on technology to conduct their studies
list the 5 unifying themes in biology
- evolution is the core theme of
biology - life depends on the flow of
information - structure and function are
related - life depends on the transfer
and transformation of energy
and matter - life depends on the interactions
within and between systems
define evolution
a process that changes life over long periods of time
what are the two main points of Darwin’s main theory of evolution
- species today arose from
ancestors that were different
from them
ex. all birds have the same
body plan but they are all
uniquely structures for their
specific environments - natural selection; animals carry
down traits that allow them to
survive while the others die
explain how life depends on the flow of information
we wouldn’t be able to produce the material we need to survive(protein) or conduct homeostasis
describe the relationship between structure and function in biology
usually what the structure looks like is what it’s function is. Only the heart can pump blood unlike the large intestine.
explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
deenergy only flows in one
direction
describe cycling of matter
chemicals are changed and reused (recycled) ex. water cycle
explain how systems biology is used to understand biological systems
they analyze the interactions of the parts in the biological system (everything is a breaking down/building up process)
define matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
define element
a substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
define compound
two or more elements in a fixed ratio
ex. sodium + chlorine = salt
state the 6 elements that are essential to life and make up approximately 99% of living matter
CHNOPS
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur
describe the structure of an atom
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
describe location and charge of each subatomic particle
neutrons (no charge) and protons (positive charge) are in the nucleus, electrons (negative charge) orbit the nucleus
define atomic number
number of protons
define mass number
sum of protons and neutrons
define isotopes
an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
explain the significance of radioactive isotopes
they are used as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms (chemo)
define orbital
electron shells that hold electrons around the nucleus
valence shell
the outermost shell
describe covalent bonds
when atoms share electrons
define nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally
define polar covalent bonds
electrons are pulled closer to the electronegative atom
define electronegativity
a measure of an atom’s attraction for shared electrons
what elements are covalent bonds made of
2 non metals
describe ionic bonds
the actual transfer of an electron between atoms results in an attraction
define ion
an atom or molecule with an electric charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons
define cation
a positively charged iona
define anion
a negatively charged ion
describe hydrogen bonds
when hydrogen is attracted to the oxygen of another atom temporarily
define chemical reaction
breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones (creates a reactant and a product)d
define reactants
the starting materials
define product
the material resulting from the chemical reaction
describe the four life-supporting properties of water
- water is cohesive (water+water)
and adhesive (water+other) - it has high thermal energy
(takes a lot for it to cool
down/heat up) - less dense as a solid than a
liquid - is a universal solvent
define cohesion
the tendency of the same kind of molecules to stick together
define adhesion
the clinging of one substance to another
define surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
define thermal energy
the energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules
define heat
thermal energy is transferred from a warmer to a cooler body of matter
define temperature
measures the intensity of heat
define evaporative cooling
when a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down
define solution
a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances
define solvent
a dissolving agent
define solute
dissolves when water molecules surround thema
define aqueous solution
the product of something being dissolved
explain the pH scale
describes how acidic or basic a solution is
- acidic : pH lower than 7
- base(alkaline) : pH greater than
7
- neutral : pH=7
define alkaline
pH greater than 7
define logorithmic
each unit change in pH represents a change of 10xd
define buffer
minimizes changes in pH
what is the biological significance of buffers
it helps regulate our blood pH levels when we eat something acidic like oranges
define organic compounds
a compound containing carbon
describe the importance of carbon to life’s molecular diversity
because carbon can bond with up to 4 different atoms, there isa huge diversity of molecular structures that can be made
define hydrocarbon
composed of only carbon and hydrogen
define isomer
has the same molecular formula but different structures
list the 6 important chemical groups of organic molecules
- hydroxyl group
- carbonyl group
- carboxyl group
- amino group
- phosphate group
- amethyl group
define functional group
gives organic molecules specific chemical properties
define macro molecule
very large molecules
define polymer
a molecule made from identical or similar building blocks strung together (monomer)
define monomer
the building blocks of polymersd
describe the role of a dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction
dehydration reactions help the polymers get formed because of monomers linking together, hydrolysis breaks apart polymers
what are the role of enzymes
to speed up reactions
what is the monomer for carbohydrates
smaller sugar molecules (monosaccharides)
define monosaccharides
sugar monomers (carbohydrates)
define disaccharides
two monosaccharides linked together
define polysaccharides
long chains of sugar units
define lipids
diverse hydrophobic, made largely of carbon and hydrogen, creates energy
list and describe the 3 types of lipids
- fats: consists of glycerol linked
to 3 fatty acids - phospholipids: components of
cell membranes - steroids: include cholesterol
and some hormones
(anabolic/synthetic steroids
are bad)
define unsaturated fat
contain one or more double bandsd
define saturated fats
the maximum number of hydrogens
define trans fats
unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
describe the chemical structure of proteins and the importance of protein to cells
- found in enzymes, defensive,
hormones - involved in nearly every
dynamic function in your body
and are very diverse - have 20 amino
acids(monomers) - function depends on individual
dshape
define denaturation
when a protein unravels and loses it’s shape and function
define peptide bonds
when amino acid monomers are linked together
explain the 4 levels of structure of a protein
- primary structure: the
sequence of amino acids in a
protein’s polypeptide chain - secondary structure: the coiling
or folding of the chain,
stabilized by hydrogen - tertiary structure: the overall 3-
dimensional shape of a
polypeptide - quaternary structure: proteins
made of more than one
polypeptide
describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids
made of nucleotides which are made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
compare and contrast DNA and RNA
- DNA: a double helix, has the same 3 bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine but differs with thymine
- RNA: single chain, has uracil instead of thymine
