Ch. 6-7 test Flashcards
compare the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
the products of one are the reactants for the other
where does cellular respiration occur
the matrix of the mitochondria
where does photosynthesis occur
in the chloroplasts
how are breathing and cellular respiration related
they both supply oxygen and ATP
what’s the chemical equation for cellular respiration
glucose(C6 H12 O6) + oxygen (O2) = carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H20) + ATP + heat
what’s the efficiency for cellular respiration
34%
how are redox reactions used in cellular respiration
someone needs to lose an electron for another to gain one
what does redox mean
to gain an electron
define oxidation
to lose an electron
define reduction
to gain an electron
describe the function of NAD+
- an electron carrier
- is a coenzyme
- plays important role in glucose reduction
describe the function of FAD
- an electron carrier
what do NAD+ and FAD become when they pick up electrons
NADH and FADH2
define aerobic
oxygen required
define anaerobic
oxygen not required
what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- citric acid cycle (kreb’s cycle)
- oxidative phosphorylation
Where does glycolysis occur
in the cytosol
what does glycolysis mean
glucose splitting
What is the energy yield of glycolysis
2
is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic (the only stage that is)
define decarboxyalated
loses a carbon
where is the citric acid cycle located
in the matrix of the mitochondria
what’s the energy yield of the citric acid cycle
2
is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic
anaerobic
how many times can the citric acid cycle spin
2
what are the products of the citric acid cycle
6 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
the mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
what is the energy yield of oxidative phosphorylation
28
where are the most ATPs generated
oxidative phosphorylation
is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
define substrate-level phosphorylation
how ATPs are formed
what are the products of the citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA
CO2
and NADH
describe oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 give off their H to combine with )2 and form water
define chemiosmosis
the chemical process of making ATP by H+ going from an area of high concentration to low
how much ATP is produced from cellular respiration
32 for every glucose
describe fermentation
- a way of harvesting energy that doesn’t require oxygen
- yields 2 ATP
define lactic acid fermentation
- when the need for ATP is high and the blood can’t transport oxygen fast enough
- causes muscle soreness
define alcoholic fermentation
- used by yeast and makes C02 and ethanol
- used in making alcohol
how are carbs, fats, and proteins used as fuel for cellular respiration
your body burns them to make ATP
in what order does your body burn calories
- carbs (sugars)
- fats (glycerol fatty acids)
- proteins (amino acids)
define cutide
waxy layer outside leaves, keeps water in
define epidermis
the skin of a leaf
define mesofill
- middle
- palacade and spongey
define stomata
- mouth
- bottom of the leaf
define vein
has a water tube + food tube
what is a stack of thylakoids called
grana/granum
define stroma
the jelly in chloroplasts
how many times does the calvin cycle turn
6
define photon
a wave length of light
define photosynthesis
using light to make food
define autotrophs
(producers)
make their own food
define photoautotrophs
uses the energy of light to make food
define producers
self feeders
define heterotrophs
consumers that feed on plants or animals or decompose organic material
what are the benefits of photoautotrophs
- they feed us
- they clothe us
- they house us
- provide energy for warmth, light, transport, and manufacturing
describe the structure of chloroplasts
- surrounded by a double membrane
- stacks of thylakoids
- thick jelly called stroma
- has chlorophyll
Describe the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis
H2O is oxidized
CO2 is reduced
Describe the role of redox reactions in cellular respiration
used to harvest the chemical energy stored in a glucose molecule
What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis
-light reaction (thylakoids)
-calvin cycle/dark reaction (stroma)
describe chlorophyll a
absorbs blue-violet and red light
describe chlorophyll b
absorbs blue and orange light, gives absorbed energy to chlorophyll a
describe carotenoids
photoprotection from excessive light
what are the two parts of the photosystem
reaction-center complex
light-harvesting complex
what is the function of the light-harvesting complex
light-gathering antenna
what is the function of the reaction-center complex
- has a pair of special chlorophyll a molecules
- one can accept electrons and become reduced
what are the reactants and products of the light reaction
- light energy and water
- ATP, NADPH, oxygen
define photophosphorylation
the electron transport train pumps H into the thylakoid space
list the steps of the calvin cycle
- carbon fixation
- reduction
- release of g3p
- regeneration of RuBP
list the reactants and products of the calvin cycle
- CO2, NADPH, ATP
- g3p
describe C3 plants
- normal plants
- a drop in CO2 and rise in O2 when stomata close, making the calvin cycle go into photorespiration
describe C4 and CAM plants
- pineapples and cacti
- fix CO2 into 4 carbon compounds that give CO2 to the calvin cycle even when stomata close
what are the uses of sugars made by photosynthesis
- used as fuels
- starting material for proteins and lipids
