Ch 8 - Psychological Approaches

Question 1

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 1

A standardized measure of intelligence used by psychologists.

Question 2

Feeble-Mindedness

Answer 2

Term used to describe individuals w/ low intelligence (used in 19th century)

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

A therapeutic technique in psychiatry & philosophy created by Sigmund Freud.

Question 4

id (Freud’s Theory of Personality)

Answer 4

The impulsive part of one’s personality.

Question 5

Pleasure Principle

Answer 5

The notion that one should maximize pleasure + minimize pain.

Question 6

Superego (Freud’s Theory of Personality)

Answer 6

One’s moral compass, conscience + ethical principles

Question 7

Ego (Freud’s Theory of Personality)

Answer 7

The aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world.

Question 8

Reality Principle

Answer 8

The notion that one should assess the demands of the real world + act accordingly.

Question 9

Neurotic

Answer 9

According to psychoanalytical theory, a condition that results in an overactive superego.

Question 10

Where do Psychoanalytical Theories suggest that Criminality Results from?

Answer 10

Neurotic Personality (Overactive Superego), Impulsive Personality (Weak Ego/Unregulated id), Anti-Social Personality (deviant self-id), Psychopathic Personality (weak superego), Criminal Personality

Question 11

Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD)

Answer 11

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of morality, impulsivity, + aggressive behaviour. (Often have criminal history)

Question 12

Where do Psychological Learning Theories suggest that Criminality Results from?

Answer 12

Classical Conditioning Processes, Operant Conditioning Processes, Frustration + Aggression from Blocked Goals, Social Learning Processes

Question 13

Extraversion (E)

Answer 13

A persons activity level. People high in extraversion enjoy social interaction + being around groups of people. People low in extraversion generally prefer solitude + quiet conversations w/ those close to them.

Question 14

Neuroticism (N)

Answer 14

A persons excitability level + emotional stability. Highly neurotic people tend to be emotionally unstable + overreact to minor situations,

Question 15

Psychoticism (P)

Answer 15

A measure of attributes such as aggression, empathy, + tough mindedness. Those who score high in psychoticism tend to be cold, callous, manipulative.

Question 16

Cortical Arousal

Answer 16

Activation of the reticular formation of the brain.

Question 17

Behaviourism

Answer 17

A learning theory that suggests all behaviour can be shaped by rewards + punishment.

Question 18

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 18

The view that crime is a natural byproduct of a aggression + can be explained as a consequence of frustration.

Question 19

Goal Responses

Answer 19

Behaviours meant to achieve particular goals that provide pleasurable outcomes.

Question 20

Modelling

Answer 20

A form of learning that occurs through observation of others + vicarious reinforcement (observational learning or imitation)

Question 21

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 21

Reinforcement that is experienced indirectly through observing another person’s behaviour being rewarded.