Ch 13 - Violent Crime

Question 1

Interpersonal Violence

Answer 1

Violence that is most commonly inflicted by one individual against another, or by a small group of individuals against another.

Question 2

Multi-Causal

Answer 2

The notion that an event occurs as a result of more than one factor.

Question 3

Dark Figure of Crime

Answer 3

Refers to the variation b/w the number of crimes that occur + the number of crimes that are actually reported to the police. (Highlights large number of unreported crime)

Question 4

Assault

Answer 4

Applying force on a person, attempting to or threatening to apply force on a person, or using a weapon to accost or impede a person.

Question 5

Sexual Assault

Answer 5

Unwanted sexual activity, including sexual attacks + sexual touching.

Question 6

Robbery

Answer 6

Stealing property from someone with/without using violence, threats of violence, or a weapon.

Question 7

Spousal Violence

Answer 7

Acts including common assault, assault w/ a weapon, sexual assault, homicide, forcible confinement, uttering threats, criminal harassment, failure to provide the necessities of life, psychological abuse, + financial abuse.

Question 8

Correlates

Answer 8

Factors that are associated/related to crime.

Question 9

Sub-Lethal Violent Victimization

Answer 9

Violent victimization that doesn’t cause death.

Question 10

Situational Characteristics

Answer 10

Factors associated w/ an incident; in the case of a violent act, location, weapon type, motive, + the victim-offender relationship are situational characteristics.

Question 11

Lethal Violence

Answer 11

Violent victimization that causes death.

Question 12

Strain Theories

Answer 12

Theories that state certain societal stressors (ie. unequal opportunities to achieve success) increase the likelihood of crime.

Question 13

Absolute Deprivation

Answer 13

Low income/poverty in + of itself.

Question 14

Relative Deprivation

Answer 14

The perception of unfair disparity b/w one’s situation + that of others.

Question 15

Intra-Racial

Answer 15

Within the same race on people.

Question 16

Racialized

Answer 16

The process of marginalizing a group of people based on perceived physical + socio-cultural differences.

Question 17

Anomie

Answer 17

A term to describe periods of lawlessness, normlessness, + unrestrained choice, or a breakdown in social solidarity.

Question 18

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 18

A culturally idealized form of masculinity; in contemporary Western Societies, for example, it involves displays of autonomy, aggressive individualism, a lack of emotion, normative heterosexuality, + the capacity for violence.

Question 19

Spatial Inequality

Answer 19

The unequal distribution of resources + services from one area to another

Question 20

Compositional Effect

Answer 20

The combination of parts that make up something. In neighbourhoods, this refers to the aggregate characteristics of individual residents.

Question 21

Contextual Effect

Answer 21

The influence of environmental factors on human behaviours.

Question 22

Social Disorganization Theory

Answer 22

The theory that a breakdown of the networks, norms, + trust that facilitate coordination + cooperation among residents of neighbourhoods can lead to greater crime + violence.

Question 23

Collective Efficacy

Answer 23

A groups shared belief that it can come together + achieve desired goals.