Ch 8; Psychological Approaches Flashcards
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
A standardized measure of intelligence used by psychologists.
Feeble Mindedness
A term used in the 19th century to describe individuals with low intelligence/low IQ
Psychoanalysis
A therapeutic technique in psychiatry + philosophy pioneered by Sigmund Freud
id
An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the impulsive part of one’s personality.
Pleasure Principle
The notion that one should maximize pleasure + minimize pain.
Superego
An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; one’s moral compass, conscience, + ethical principles.
Ego
An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world.
Reality Principle
The notion that one should access the demands of the real world + act accordingly.
Neurotic
According to psychoanalytic theory, a condition that results from an overactive superego.
Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime (5)
Neurotic Personality (overactive superego), Impulsive Personality (weak ego/unregulated id), Anti-Social Personality (deviant self-identification), Psychopathic Personality (weak superego), Criminal Personality (Yochelson + Samenow, 1976)
Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD)
A personality disorder characterized by a lack of morality, impulsivity, + aggressive behavior; individuals w/ APD often have a history of criminal behavior.
Psychological Learning Theories (4)
Classical Conditioning (Eysenck), Operant Conditioning Processes (Wilson,Hernstein), Frustration + Aggression from Blocked Goals (Dollard, Miller, Doob, Mowrer, Sears), Social Learning Processes (Bandura)
Extraversion (E)
A person’s activity level; people high in extraversion enjoy social interaction + being around groups of people, while people low in extraversion generally prefer solitude + quiet conversations w/ those close to them.
Neuroticism (N)
A person’s excitability level + emotional stability; highly neurotic people tend to be emotionally unstable + overreact to minor situations.
Psychoticism (P)
A measure of attributes such as aggression, empathy, + though mindedness; those who score high in psychoticism tend to be cold, callous, + manipulative.
Cortical Arousal
Activation of the reticular formation of the brain.
Behaviourism
A learning theory that suggests all behavior can be shaped by rewards + punishment.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
The view that crime is a natural byproduct of aggression+ can be explained as a consequence of frustration.
Goal Responses
Behaviors meant to achieve particular goals that provide pleasurable outcomes.
Modelling
A form of learning that occurs through observation of others + vicarious reinforcement (Also known as observational learning/imitation)
Vicarious Reinforcement
Reinforcement that is experienced indirectly though observing another persons behavior being rewarded.
Moral Development (3 levels)
Level One; pre-conventional morality, Level 2; conventional morality, Level 3; Post-Conventional morality.
Name + Describe 2 Stages of Pre-conventional Morality (Moral Development)
Stage 1; Punishment + Obedience (The individual follows rules to avoid punishment + obey authority)
Stage 2; Instrumental Purpose + Exchange (Self-Interest emerges; the individual is more interested in rewards)
Name + Describe 2 Stages of Conventional Morality (Moral Development)
Stage 3; Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, + Conformity (The individual realizes the needs of others close to him/her (Called “good child” orientation))
Stage 4; Preservations of the Social System (The individual realizes the needs of society; this stage is considered a “law + order” stance)
Name + Describe 2 Stages of Post-conventional Morality (Moral Development)
Stage 5; Social Contract + Individual Rights (The individual appreciated individual rights + the social contract).
Stage 6; Universal Ethical Principals (The individual uses abstract moral + ethical principles to guide behavior)
List the Big Four (Andrews + Bonta’s Personal, Interpersonal, Community-Reinforcement Theory
Anti-social attitudes, anti-social associates, a history of anti-social behavior , an anti-social personality pattern.
