Ch 8; Psychological Approaches

Question 1

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 1

A standardized measure of intelligence used by psychologists.

Question 2

Feeble Mindedness

Answer 2

A term used in the 19th century to describe individuals with low intelligence/low IQ

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

A therapeutic technique in psychiatry + philosophy pioneered by Sigmund Freud

Question 4

id

Answer 4

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the impulsive part of one’s personality.

Question 5

Pleasure Principle

Answer 5

The notion that one should maximize pleasure + minimize pain.

Question 6

Superego

Answer 6

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; one’s moral compass, conscience, + ethical principles.

Question 7

Ego

Answer 7

An aspect of Freud’s theory of personality; the aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world.

Question 8

Reality Principle

Answer 8

The notion that one should access the demands of the real world + act accordingly.

Question 9

Neurotic

Answer 9

According to psychoanalytic theory, a condition that results from an overactive superego.

Question 10

Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime (5)

Answer 10

Neurotic Personality (overactive superego), Impulsive Personality (weak ego/unregulated id), Anti-Social Personality (deviant self-identification), Psychopathic Personality (weak superego), Criminal Personality (Yochelson + Samenow, 1976)

Question 11

Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD)

Answer 11

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of morality, impulsivity, + aggressive behavior; individuals w/ APD often have a history of criminal behavior.

Question 12

Psychological Learning Theories (4)

Answer 12

Classical Conditioning (Eysenck), Operant Conditioning Processes (Wilson,Hernstein), Frustration + Aggression from Blocked Goals (Dollard, Miller, Doob, Mowrer, Sears), Social Learning Processes (Bandura)

Question 13

Extraversion (E)

Answer 13

A person’s activity level; people high in extraversion enjoy social interaction + being around groups of people, while people low in extraversion generally prefer solitude + quiet conversations w/ those close to them.

Question 14

Neuroticism (N)

Answer 14

A person’s excitability level + emotional stability; highly neurotic people tend to be emotionally unstable + overreact to minor situations.

Question 15

Psychoticism (P)

Answer 15

A measure of attributes such as aggression, empathy, + though mindedness; those who score high in psychoticism tend to be cold, callous, + manipulative.

Question 16

Cortical Arousal

Answer 16

Activation of the reticular formation of the brain.

Question 17

Behaviourism

Answer 17

A learning theory that suggests all behavior can be shaped by rewards + punishment.

Question 18

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 18

The view that crime is a natural byproduct of aggression+ can be explained as a consequence of frustration.

Question 19

Goal Responses

Answer 19

Behaviors meant to achieve particular goals that provide pleasurable outcomes.

Question 20

Modelling

Answer 20

A form of learning that occurs through observation of others + vicarious reinforcement (Also known as observational learning/imitation)

Question 21

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 21

Reinforcement that is experienced indirectly though observing another persons behavior being rewarded.

Question 22

Moral Development (3 levels)

Answer 22

Level One; pre-conventional morality, Level 2; conventional morality, Level 3; Post-Conventional morality.

Question 23

Name + Describe 2 Stages of Pre-conventional Morality (Moral Development)

Answer 23

Stage 1; Punishment + Obedience (The individual follows rules to avoid punishment + obey authority)
Stage 2; Instrumental Purpose + Exchange (Self-Interest emerges; the individual is more interested in rewards)

Question 24

Name + Describe 2 Stages of Conventional Morality (Moral Development)

Answer 24

Stage 3; Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, + Conformity (The individual realizes the needs of others close to him/her (Called “good child” orientation))
Stage 4; Preservations of the Social System (The individual realizes the needs of society; this stage is considered a “law + order” stance)

Question 25

Name + Describe 2 Stages of Post-conventional Morality (Moral Development)

Answer 25

Stage 5; Social Contract + Individual Rights (The individual appreciated individual rights + the social contract).
Stage 6; Universal Ethical Principals (The individual uses abstract moral + ethical principles to guide behavior)

Question 26

List the Big Four (Andrews + Bonta’s Personal, Interpersonal, Community-Reinforcement Theory

Answer 26

Anti-social attitudes, anti-social associates, a history of anti-social behavior , an anti-social personality pattern.