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Psychology 101 > Ch. 8 Memory > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

any indication that learning has persisted over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of info
- our ability to store and retrieve information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system (ex: by extracting meaning)

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3
Q

Storage

A

the process of retaining encoded information over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Forgetting

A

we cannot remember what we have not encoded (encoding failure), memories that are discarded (stored memories decay), or memories we are unable to retrieve
-Storage Decay and Amnesia

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6
Q

3 Types of Memory

A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Working Memory
  3. Long-term Memory
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7
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory for sensory info that is stored in sensory form; the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

  • Capacity: virtually unlimited
  • Duration: varies, but generally seconds or less
  • –Sight: 5 sec long
  • –Hearing: 3-4 sec long
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8
Q

Working Memory

A

Briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers; newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

  • Allows us to selectively attend to info that is relevant or unimportant, and hold info for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it
  • Capacity: 7 + - 2 units
  • Duration: limited duration (~12 sec unrehearsed)
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9
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Everything we “know”; the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

  • Capacity: unlimited
  • Duration: more or less permanent
  • Encoded according to its meaning (semantically), not exact words (NOT a tape recorder)
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10
Q

Eidetic Imagery

A

Memory for a sensory event that is as accurate as if the person were still viewing, or hearing, the original object or event

  • Only a few, rare individuals
  • Evidence for memory errors and reconstruction
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11
Q

3 Types of Long Term Memory

A
  1. Semantic
  2. Episodic
  3. Procedural
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12
Q

Semantic Memory

A

stores facts and information

-hippocampus

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13
Q

Episodic Memory

A

stores personally experienced events

-hippocampus

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14
Q

Procedural Memory

A

stores info relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks
-cerebellum

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15
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (rehearsal, conscious repetition, elaboration)

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16
Q

Chunking

A

grouping of information into meaningful units

Acronyms

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17
Q

Hierarchy

A

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Outlines

18
Q

Imagery

A

creation of visual images helps memory

Concrete vs. abstract words- concrete are easier to memorize

19
Q

Spacing Effect

A

we retain information better long-term when rehearsal is over time (spaced/ distributed)
Different from spatial automatic processing

20
Q

Testing Effect

A

repeated quizzing helps retention; quizzing is better than “re-studying”
Works because practice retrieval aids later retrieval, identifies gaps in knowledge, improves “metacognition”- knowing what you know

21
Q

Deep/Semantic Processing

A

we remember meaning

22
Q

What types of encoding are most memorable ?

A
  1. Semantic (type of…)
  2. Acoustic (rhymes with…)
  3. Structural/ Visual (written in capitals?)
23
Q

What does Ebbinghaus’ retention curve demonstrate?

A

Amount remembered depends on the time spent learning
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2

24
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

tendency to recall best the last (recency) and first (primacy) items in a list

25
Q

Recency Effect

A

recall better for last items (recent)

26
Q

Primacy Effect

A

recall better for first items

27
Q

When and why do recency and primacy effects occur?

A

Depends on time before recall
Immediate recall: regency & primacy (involves short term memory)
Delayed recall: primacy only (long term memory bc of rehearsal)

28
Q

Amnesia

A

Damage to hippocampus

  • People can often learn now to do something (implicit), but not tell you how they learned it (explicit)
  • –HM has muscle memory for mirror drawing but doesn’t know
  • Most real life cases are anterograde, not retrograde
29
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

loss of memory for new info (inability to form new memories)

30
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of memory for the past (inability to retrieve info from one’s past)

31
Q

Storage Decay

A

Forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off over time
Ex: Alzheimer’s
Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

32
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

33
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

34
Q

False Memories

A

Can be implanted in individuals (ex: lost at mall, hot air balloon); fell real, imagery increases confidence
-Misinformation Effect and Source Amnesia

35
Q

Problems with Eyewitness Testimony

A

Picking suspect can influence or form a new (false) memory

People become convinced that they identified the right perpetrator by reinforcement

36
Q

How should lineups be conducted to avoid false witness testimony?

A
  • Have someone independent administer lineup
  • Show suspects one at a time, give a warning that it could be none of them
  • The person should be quick to choose suspect if they really recognize the person
37
Q

Repressed Memories (Freud)

A

defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness (but an unconscious process)
Evidence?
Actually, heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make for strong memories
-we do NOT unconsciously “repress” memories

38
Q

What kinds of information do we encode automatically?

A

Incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency (ex: where you ate dinner yesterday), and of well-learned info, such as word meanings

39
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

40
Q

State-dependent memory

A

what we learn in one state- be it drunk or sober- may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

41
Q

Mood-congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Psychology 101 (10 decks)

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