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Psychology 101 > Ch. 13 Personality > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Main Perspectives of Personality

A

psychoanalytic
humanistic
trait
social-cognitive

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2
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influenced personality (Freud)
-“personality” arises from efforts to resolve conflict between impulse and restraint

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3
Q

Unconscious

A

Reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings (Freud)

Processing of which we are unaware (modern)

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4
Q

Free Association

A

method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes & says whatever comes to mind (in psychoanalysis)

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5
Q

3 Levels of Personality Structure (freud)

A

Id: reservoir of unconscious energy that wants to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive drives (pleasure principle)
Ego: conscious “executive” part that mediates among demands of id, superego, & reality (reality principle)
Superego: voice of moral compass (conscience) that forces ego to consider not only the real but the ideal

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6
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

boy’s sexual desires toward mother & feelings of hatred/jealousy for father

  • parallel for girls is Electra Complex
  • identification: try to become like rival parent= gender identity
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7
Q

Identification

A

process by which children incorporate parent’s values into their developing superegos

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8
Q

Fixation

A

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

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9
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

way to resolve conflict; ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (indirect & unconscious)
Regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, denial, repression

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10
Q

Regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
ex: boy reverts to oral comfort of thumb sucking in car on 1st day of school

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11
Q

Reaction Formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

ex: repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness

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12
Q

Projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
ex: “The thief thinks everyone else is a thief”

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions
ex: habitual drinker says drinks w friends “just to be sociable”

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14
Q

Displacement

A

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
ex: girl kicks fam dog after her mother sends her to her room

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15
Q

Denial

A

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

ex: partner denies evidence of loved one’s affair

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16
Q

Critiques of Freud’s Theory

A
  1. unconscious mind correct, but a diff. kind than he thought
  2. Patriarchal
  3. Not testable, scientific; after-the-fact explanations; can’t predict personality, fixations, or defense mechanisms
  4. ideas haven’t stood up to empirical testing
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17
Q

What of Freud’s data is supported?

A

unconscious mind, reaction formation, projection

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18
Q

What of Freud’s data is NOT supported?

A

development fixed in childhood, gender identity from Oedipus Complex, repression, & that dreams disguise/fulfill wishes

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19
Q

Critiques of projective tests (Rorschach)

A
  • doesn’t show all emotions
  • only a few have showed reliability/validity
  • have inaccurately diagnosed normal people as pathological
20
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

focused on inner capacity for growth and self-fulfillment (Maslow)

21
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belongingness and love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Self-actualization needs
  6. Self-transcendence needs
22
Q

Self Actualization

A

ultimate psychological needs after basic needs & self esteem; motivation to fulfill one’s potential

23
Q

3 Requirements for growth-promoting environment

A
  1. genuineness
  2. acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
  3. empathy
24
Q

Critiques of humanistic psychology

A
  1. concepts vague, subjective, lack scientific basis
  2. culturally biased (western)
  3. sometimes higher level needs met before lower level needs
  4. doesn’t allow for human capacity for evil/aggression
25
Q

Trait Perspective

A

examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits)

-personality is an individual’s unique array of durable dispositions & consistent ways of behaving (traits)

26
Q

Big 5 Trait Dimensions

A
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
  4. Openness
  5. Extraversion
    CANOE
27
Q

Are 5 trait factors stable over time?

A

generally stable, but do change over development

28
Q

How heritable are 5 trait factors?

A

heritability is 40% for each trait

29
Q

Are 5 trait factors consistent across cultures

A

yes, can predict behavior

30
Q

Critiques of Trait Perspective

A
  1. Traits vs. Behaviors (traits consistent, behaviors not)
  2. Personality test scores weak predictor of behavior in any given situation
    Avg. outgoingness, carelessness, etc. across many situations predictable; we are certain type of person on avg. across many situations
31
Q

Social-cognitive Perspective

A

behavior is influenced by interaction between people’s traits & their social context
- personality is result of trait & social context interaction

32
Q

Best predictor of behavior (social-cognitive)

A

past behavior in a similar situation

33
Q

Critiques of social-cognitive perspective

A

focus more on situation & fail to appreciate inner traits

34
Q

Self Esteem

A

degree in which the self is perceived positively or negatively
-feelings of high/low self worth

35
Q

Is self esteem good? how & how not?

A

-good: + correlated w health & success
-bad: - correlated w depression & anxiety
Needs to be based in reality!

36
Q

What type of self esteem is most likely to lead to aggression?

A

Inflated high self esteem

37
Q

Narcissism

A

excessive self love & absorption

3 components: unrealistic sense of superiority, entitlement, lack of empathy

38
Q

Self-control

A

capacity to regulate attention, emotion, behavior in presence of temptation
control impulses, delay gratification, resist temptations

39
Q

What do marshmallows tell us about self control?

A

The kids who waited to eat the marshmallows had more self control

40
Q

What does self control predict?

A

healthy, higher SAT, lower BMI, lower divorce rate

41
Q

5 self-control strategies

A
  1. Situation Selection/ Modification
  2. Cognitive Reappraisal
  3. Temptation Bundling
  4. Implementation Intentions
  5. Response Modulation
42
Q

Situation Modification

A

remove temptations from view or easy reach

ex: move candy dish out of reach

43
Q

Cognitive Reappraisal

A

rethink the temptation (abstractly or in 3rd person)

ex: what would you tell your friend to do?

44
Q

Temptation Bundling

A

pair boring thing w something fun

ex: listen to audio book only while at gym

45
Q

Implementation Intentions

A

specify when, where, and how of goal-directed behavior in advance (“if…then” statement)
ex: “when i get home from dinner, then i will read ch 3”

46
Q

Response Modulation

A

using effortful “willpower” to not five in to temptation
Just don’t do it! Plain self control
ex: piece of cake in front of you & just don’t eat it
LAST RESORT

Psychology 101 (10 decks)

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