Ch 8 - Memory Flashcards
What is encoding in the context of memory?
The initial processing of a stimulus that leads to a mental representation
Requires attention!
How does meaningful information affect encoding?
The more meaningful information is, the more readily it is encoded
What is the role of organization in memory encoding?
Organization can improve the ability of information to be encoded
What are mnemonic devices?
Techniques that help provide organization and meaning to information
Define storage in memory.
The processes of maintaining or keeping information readily available
What are the two types of memory storage?
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
What is implicit memory?
Memory a person is not consciously aware of
What is procedural memory?
Memory for skills
What does classically conditioned memory refer to?
Conditioned responses
What is priming in memory?
Memory influenced by previous exposure to a stimulus
What is chunking?
Constructing manageable and meaningful units of information for easier encoding, storage, and retrieval
What is rehearsal in the context of memory?
Conscious repetition to try and encode information
What does sensory memory do?
Stores large quantities of sensory information automatically for short periods of time
What is automatic processing?
Encoding of information with little conscious awareness or effort
What is effortful processing?
Encoding of information through careful attention and conscious effort
What are the three key processes involved in memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is the Information Processing Model of memory?
Information moves along three stages to become a memory
Define long-term memory.
A relatively permanent storage space with unlimited capacity
What characterizes working memory?
Temporarily holds current and retrieved information for short-term use; limited in duration and capacity
What is explicit memory?
Memory that a person is conscious or aware of
What are the two types of explicit memory?
- Semantic Memory
- Episodic Memory
What is the primacy effect?
More accurate recall of items presented first in a series
What is the recency effect?
More accurate recall of items presented last in a series
What does Craik and Lockhart’s Levels of Processing Model suggest?
We process information at various depths; greater depth increases likelihood of memory retention
What is retrieval in memory?
The process by which stored information is recovered from memory
What is context-dependent memory?
Greater likelihood of recalling information in the same location/context as when it was learned
What is state- and mood-dependent memory?
Tendency to remember information learned in a particular physiological or psychological state when in that same state again
What is recall?
Remembering information with few or no retrieval cues
What is recognition in memory?
Remembering whether or not you have experienced a stimulus before
What is decay in memory failure?
Loss of information from memory as a result of disuse and the passage of time
What is interference in memory?
Forgetting influenced by what happens before or after taking information in
How does memory retrieval lead to distortion?
Memory retrieval is a reconstruction, not a direct replay, making it subject to bias and distortion
What is source misattribution?
Remembering information but not the source it came from
What is the misinformation effect?
Memory for an event can be altered by misleading post-event information
