Ch 4 - Human Dev Pt 1 Flashcards
What is the age range for the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?
Age 11/12 to adulthood
What kind of reasoning is developed during the Formal Operational Stage?
Hypothetical and abstract reasoning
Define adolescent egocentrism.
A belief that everyone is focused on oneself
What is the imaginary audience phenomenon?
The belief that everyone is judging you
What does the personal fable refer to?
The belief that one is unique and invincible
What is Theory of Mind?
An understanding of one’s own and others’ mental states
At what age can children typically succeed in a false-belief task?
Around age 4/5
What is egocentrism in the Preoperational Stage?
Inability to perceive things from another’s viewpoint
Define irreversibility in the context of cognitive development.
Inability to envision reversing order when manipulating objects or symbols
What does conservation refer to in cognitive development?
Understanding that properties remain the same despite changes in appearance
What age range does the Preoperational Stage cover?
2 to 7 years of age
What is the focus of the Sensorimotor Stage?
Motor abilities and sensory experiences
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects exist even when out of sight
How many stages are there in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Four stages
What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
Incorporating new experiences into existing mental structures
What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?
Modifying existing mental structures to adapt to new experiences
Who is the theorist associated with Cognitive Development?
Jean Piaget
What is the focus of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development?
Development of social competencies across eight stages
What is the first stage of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 12 months)
What age range corresponds to the stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
1-3 Years
What is the main characteristic of the Conventional Morality stage?
Societal rules are internalized
What is the focus of the Postconventional Morality stage?
Based on personally constructed moral principles
What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
- Preconventional Morality * Conventional Morality * Postconventional Morality
What is temperament?
Early-emerging and long-lasting individual differences in emotional reactions
What percentage of infants are classified as having an ‘Easy’ temperament?
40%
What is the main characteristic of Secure attachment style?
Uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration
What is a key characteristic of Insecure-Avoidant attachment style?
Indifferent toward their caregiver
How can attachment styles be assessed?
Using Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation paradigm
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
A concept from Vygotsky indicating the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help
True or False: Piaget’s theory focuses on what children could do.
False
What is a significant limitation of Piaget’s theory?
Didn’t address the role of social influences
What is the age range for the Concrete Operational Stage?
7 to 11/12 years of age
What is one ability that increases during the Concrete Operational Stage?
Understanding cause and effect
What is the emotional development aspect of temperament?
It is stable across situations and time but influenced by environment
What does the term ‘social scaffolding’ refer to?
Support provided by others to help a learner accomplish tasks
