CH. 8: KEY TERMS

Question 1

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 1

a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort; this parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange; associated with children’s social incompetence.

Question 2

Authoritative parenting

Answer 2

a parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child; associated with children’s social competence.

Question 3

Autonomous morality

Answer 3

in Piaget’s theory, older children (about 10 years of age and older) become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.

Question 4

Conscience

Answer 4

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior

Question 5

Constructive play

Answer 5

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas; occurs when children engage in self-regulated creation or construction of a product or a solution

Question 6

Coparenting

Answer 6

support parents provide to each other in jointly raising their children

Question 7

Games

Answer 7

activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals

Question 8

Gender

Answer 8

the characteristics of people as males and females

Question 9

Gender identity

Answer 9

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.

Question 10

Gender role

Answer 10

a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel

Question 11

Gender schema theory

Answer 11

the theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their culture’s gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

Question 12

Gender typing

Answer 12

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 13

Heteronomous morality

Answer 13

the first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approx. 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

Question 14

Immanent justice

Answer 14

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

Question 15

Indulgent parenting

Answer 15

a style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them; associated with children’s social incompetence, esp, a lack of self-control

Question 16

Moral development

Answer 16

development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Question 17

Neglectful parenting

Answer 17

a style of parenting in which parent is uninvolved in the child’s life; associated with children’s social incompetence, esp, a lack of self-control

Question 18

Practice play

Answer 18

play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Question 19

Pretense/symbolic play

Answer 19

play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

Question 20

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Answer 20

a theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approx. 5 to 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics

Question 21

Self-understanding

Answer 21

the child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions

Question 22

Sensorimotor play

Answer 22

behavior engaged in by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

Question 23

Social cognitive theory of gender

Answer 23

a theory emphasizing that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

Question 24

Social play

Answer 24

play that involves social interactions with peers

Question 25

Social role theory

Answer 25

a theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women