CH. 10: KEY TERMS Flashcards
Average children
children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.
Care perspective
the moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
Constructivist approach
a learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Controversial children
children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.
Conventional reasoning
the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society.
Direct instruction approach
a structured, teacher-centered educational approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students, progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum.
Domain theory of moral development
theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescent’s attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Gender stereotypes
broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males.
Intimacy in friendships
self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Justice perspective
a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.
Mindset
the cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves.
Neglected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
Perspective taking
the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Popular children
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.
Postconventional reasoning
the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and the decides on a personal moral code.
