Ch. 8: Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

Define depression?

Answer 1

a low, sad state in which life seems dark and overwhelming

Question 2

What are the 5 symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

Emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical

Question 3

Name the aspects of the emotional symptoms of depression?

Answer 3

sadness, increased crying, “empty”

Anhedonia: no pleasure

Question 4

Name the aspects of the motivational symptoms of depression?

Answer 4

Paralysis of will (Beck), helpless, hopeless, must force self to work and eat

Question 5

Name the aspects of the behavioral symptoms of depression?

Answer 5

less active and productive

Question 6

Name the aspects of the cognitive symptoms of depression?

Answer 6

negative thoughts

Question 7

Name the aspects of the physical symptoms of depression?

Answer 7

headaches, dizziness, constipation, general pain

Question 8

What are the disorders related to depression?

Answer 8

MDD
PMDD 
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Disruptive Mood regulation
Substance-induced depressive disorder
Depression due to medical condition

Question 9

What are the characteristics of MDD?

Answer 9

Daily depressed mood
Diminished pleasure
Weight gain/loss
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Fatigue
Feelings of worthlessness
No mania present

Question 10

What is the coding procedure for depression?

Answer 10

Single vs. Recurrent episode
Severity
Specifiers (anxious distress, melancholic features, mood-congruent features, catatonia)

Question 11

Describe persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

Answer 11

Depressed mood for more than 2 years (never w/o symptoms for 2 months)
-poor appetite/overeating
in/hyper somnia
low energy/self-esteem
poor concentration
hoplessness

Question 12

Describe PMDD

Answer 12

Females experience depression symptoms and other related symptoms during the week prior to their period.

Question 13

Describe disruptive mood regulation disorder.

Answer 13

Persistent depressive symptoms in conjunction with recurrent outbursts of severe temper, present for 12+ months
Dx not made before 6 yrs old or after 10 yrs old

Question 14

Describe the biological view of depression.

Answer 14

Some inherit a predisposition, low levels of neurotransmitters or high cortisol. Malfunction of prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala. Or lower lymphocytes

Question 15

Describe psychodynamic view of depression.

Answer 15

Introjection-feelings turned inward(ex: grief)

Symbolic - imagined loss (ex: unrelated event)

Anaclitic depression – depression in young children after separation from mother

Early loss may lead to depression later in life

Question 16

Describe the behavioral view of depression.

Answer 16

Significant changes in rewards and punishments (ex: pro athlete)

Social rewards may be linked to depression

Question 17

Describe the cognitive view of depression.

Answer 17

Maladaptive attitudes – role of early experiences
Cognitive triad – negative view of self, world, future
Errors in thinking- misinterpret events
Automatic thoughts – pop up (“I’m an idiot”)
Learned helplessness – think you have no control

Question 18

Describe the sociocultural view of depression.

Answer 18

Depression is linked to decreased social support 
Divorce
Separation
Family chaos
Social isolation

Question 19

Describe the multicultural view of depression.

Answer 19

Cultural Background
Some common characteristics
Some differences among cultures

Question 20

_______ are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression

Answer 20

Women

Question 21

What is artifact theory?

Answer 21

Men are as likely to be depressed but it is underdiagnosed

Question 22

What’s the hormone explanation?

Answer 22

Females experience frequent hormone changes

Question 23

What is rumination?

Answer 23

repeatedly focus on feelings

Question 24

What are the types of bipolar disorder?

Answer 24

Unipolar
Bipolar I and II
Cyclothymic
Substance-induced
Due to medical condition/unspecified

Question 25

What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer 25

Lows of depression and highs of mania

Question 26

What are the symptoms of mania?

Answer 26

``` Emotional: feelings of joy, few have anger Motivational: needs constant excitement Behavioral: active and flamboyant Cognitive: Poor judgment and planning Physical: little sleep and high energy ```

Question 27

Describe a manic episode.

Answer 27

``` 1 wk. period of elevated mood and increased energy. 3 of the following needed: Inflated self-esteem Increased talkativeness Flight of ideas/distracted Increase in goal directed activity ```

Question 28

Describe the coding for bipolar disorders.

Answer 28

Current episode (manic, depressed, hypomanic) Severity (mild, moderate, with psychotic features, etc.) Specifiers: With anxious distress, mixed features, melancholy, atypical features, mood-congruent)

Question 29

Describe bipolar I

Answer 29

Presence of manic state and if current episode is hypomanic/depressive there is history of manic episode.

Question 30

Describe bipolar II

Answer 30

Presence of major depressive episode, history of hypomanic episodes, but none of manic episodes

Question 31

Describe cyclothymic disorder.

Answer 31

For at least 2 years, presence of hypomanic symptoms and minor depressive symptoms (do not meet criteria for MDD) Symptoms do not remit for more than a 2 month period No MDD in first year

Question 32

What does biological theory say about the cause of bipolar?

Answer 32

Neurotransmitters: Theory that low serotonin and high norepinephrine together may be linked to mania. Ion activity: Ions help transmit messages within neurons. Membrane defects in neurons

Question 33

What about the brain structure could cause bipolar disorder?

Answer 33

Smaller basal ganglia and cerebellum | Lower volume of gray matter

Question 34

What about the genetic makeup could cause bipolar disorder?

Answer 34

Family pedigree, twin, adoption studies | Molecular biology – genetic abnormalities on specific chromosomes linked to Bipolar Disorder

Question 35

Describe unipolar depressive disorders.

Answer 35

Group of disorders marked by unipolar depression 19% of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in their lifetime Women twice as likely to experience than men 86% recover 40% will have recurrence

Question 36

Describe bipolar disorders.

Answer 36

Group of disorders marked by alternating periods of depression and mania Much less common than unipolar depression