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AP2 > Ch. 8 Components of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Components of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

A

.Where is urine made?

Where is urine stored?

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2
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

2 Kidneys
2 Uterers
1 Urinary Bladder
1 Urethra

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3
Q

What’s the Kidney’s function?

A
  • The Kidneys are responsible for making a fluid called urine. Once urine is made, the urine is released and then it goes to the ureters.
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4
Q

What is the Ureter?

What are the Ureters function?

A
  • Small cuplike regions known as minor calyces that give rise to the renal pelvis.
    • It propel the urine via peristalsis to the bladder.
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5
Q

What is the Urinary Bladder’s function?

A
  • The Urinary Bladder stores urine until it’s time to be released.
    • When it’s the appropriate time to release urine, the bladder contracts and expels the urine via the urethra on out of the body.
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6
Q

Define Micturition

A
  • The process by which urine is released from the body.
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7
Q

What does urine consist of?

A
  • Urine consists of waste products as well as substances that are in excess of the body’s needs.
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8
Q

CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS OF NORMAL URINE

A

.

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9
Q

When does the body produce normal urine?

A
  • When the body has a normal amount of hydration.
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10
Q

When is urine different than normal?

A
  • When the body is dehydrated or overhydrated
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11
Q

What is the Volume of normal urine?

What color is it ?

What is its pH?

A
  • 1.5 Liters per day
    • Light Yellow (due to the pigment Urobilin)
    • Typically Acidic (usually around pH 6)
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12
Q

Where does Urobilin come from?

A
  • It comes from the conversion of the bile pigment bilirubin in the large intestine.
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13
Q

What color is Urine when the body is OverHydrated?

What color is Urine when you’re Dehydrated?

A
  • Clear (due to a lot more water)

- Dark Yellow

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14
Q

Why is Urine typically Acidic?

A
  • Urine is typically acidic because a main way of getting rid of acids from the body is by excreting some of the Hydrogen Ions into Urine
    • ex: If you drink a lot of Orange Juice over a short period of time, some of the Hydrogen Ions from the citric acid in the orange juice will leave the body via urine.
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15
Q

What are the 3 Main components of Urine? Give examples for each.

A
  1. Nitrogenous wastes - Urea, Ammonia, Creatinine, Uric
    Acid, Urobilin
  2. Excess substances - Water, Electrolytes (ions)
  3. Other substances - Hormones, Ketones, and any
    Drugs a person has taken
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16
Q

What is Urea?

Where is Urea derived from?
hint: derived same way as ammonia

Which Organ makes Urea?

Explain.

A
  • Urea (the most common waste product in urine)
    • Just like Ammonia, the catabolism (breakdown) of amino acids in hepatocytes, which are liver cells.
    • The Liver makes urea!!!
    • Explanation: from the liver, urea enters the bloodstream and the kidneys take up urea from the blood and put the urea into urine for excretion from the body.
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17
Q

What is the main COMPONENT of urine?

A
  • WATER.
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18
Q

Where is Creatinine derived from?

Where is Uric Acid derived from?

A
  • Creatinine comes from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle
    • Uric Acid comes from the breakdown of nucleic acids in body cells
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19
Q

What is Urobilin?

  • Where is Urobilin derived from?
A
  • A yellowish pigment that is responsible for the color of urine
    • The pathway by which hemoglobin is broken down. This pathway involves the SPLEEN, LIVER, AND LARGE INTESTINE.
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20
Q

Give an example of the body being in excess of Electrolytes

A
  • ex: If your body has too many sodium ions, then the excess sodium ions are put into the urine for excretion of the body. If the body does not have enough sodium ions, then little or no sodium ions enter the urine.
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21
Q

What are other Electrolytes that can be present in the urine?

A
  • Potassium ions, Calcium ions, Hydrogen ions, and Bicarbonate ions.

In Summary: The concentrations of water and electrolytes in urine vary depending on what the body needs.

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22
Q

What are Hormones? What’s its quantity?

What happens to any Hormone present in blood?

A
  • Present in very minute (small) quantities in urine
    • It becomes part of the urine.Fun fact: That’s why a woman can find out she’s pregnant through a sample of her urine, and then testing it for the pregnancy hormone
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23
Q

Where do Ketones derive from?

What is the amount or quantity of Ketones in Urine?

When or under what conditions does the concentration of Ketones significantly increase?

A
  • Ketone bodies are substances derived from the catabolism of Lipids in Liver cells
  • Normally present in Trace amounts. These means that their concentration in urine is so small that you can just barely detect them.
    • When a person has Diabetes or is Starving. A high concentration of ketones in the urine causes the urine to have a fruity or sweet odor.
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24
Q

POWERPHYS ACTIVITY

A

.

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25
Q

The formation of urine by each kidney enables the body to regulate blood (water) volume, blood composition and blood pH. In this activity you will examine the effect of fluid intake on urine production.

OBJECTIVES

  • Measure urine output and urine and plasma osmolarity (a measure of solute concentration), during different states of hydration.
  • Discuss the homeostatic mechanisms involved in producing concentrated and dilute urine.
A

.

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26
Q

Notes from Review

A

Ideally, daily water intake and water loss should be

equal.

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27
Q

Water Reabsorption by the Nephron:

  • What is the functional unit of the kidney? Nephron.
  • Normally, how many liters of filtrate do the kidneys
    produce? 180L
  • How many liters of urine do the kidneys produce per
    day? 1 - 2 L
  • How many liters of water are the kidneys reabsorbing
    each day?
  • What percent of water reabsorption by the kidney nephrons is obligatory water reabsorption? 90%
  • What percent of water reabsorption by the kidney nephrons is facultative water reabsorption? 10%
A

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

  • Nephron
  • 180L
  • 1-2 L
  • Since the filtrate is mainly water, the nephrons are reabsorbing about 178-179 liters of water each day
  • 90%
  • 10%
    worded: Each nephron filters blood and modifies that filtrate, via the processes of reabsorption and secretion, to form urine. Normally the kidneys produce 180 liters of filtrate but only 1 — 2 liters of urine per day. Since the filtrate is mainly water, the nephrons are reabsorbing about 178-179 liters of water each day. 90% of water reabsorption by the kidney nephrons is obligatory water reabsorption while only 10% is facultative water reabsorption.
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28
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone - ADH

  • What does ADH do? function?
    Regulates body water content
  • What happens if there is no ADH?
    No Facultative Reabsorption & production of larger
    dilute urine
  • What controls ADH’s secretion? Negative Feedback
  • What happens when plasma osmolarity increases
    even in the slightest?

-

A

.

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates body water content by controlling facultative water reabsorption. ADH increases the water permeability of the last part of the distal tubule and of the collecting ducts. Water reabsorption from the filtrate increases, resulting in a smaller volume of concentrated urine and less water loss in urine.
  • The absence of ADH results in no facultative reabsorption of water and the production of a larger volume of dilute urine and greater water loss in urine.
  • ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary is controlled by Negative Feedback.
  • ADH is secreted in response to an increase in plasma and interstitial osmolarity (decrease in water content).
  • When plasma osmolarity increases by as little as 1%, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus respond by sending nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary resulting in the release of ADH.
  • ADH causes facultative reabsorption of water resulting in a decrease in plasma osmolarity and a decrease in ADH secretion.
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29
Q

Measurement of Osmolarity

  • What is used to measure plasma and urine osmolarity?
    Osmometer
  • How does an osmometer work to measure osmolarity?
    Freezing Point Depression
A
  • Plasma and urine osmolarity is measured with an
    osmometer.
    • An osmometer uses freezing point depression to measure osmolarity.

Fun Fact: Substances that have a high osmolarity freeze at a lower temperature than water.

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30
Q

LAB QUESTIONS

A

.

31
Q

ADH acts on the….

A
  • Late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
32
Q

Dehydration causes a(n)….

A
  • increase in plasma osmolarity
33
Q

ADH is secreted by the

A
  • posterior pituitary
34
Q

ADH….

decreases water loss in urine &&& increases facultative water reabsorption

A
  • decreases water loss in urine
35
Q

Normally, 180 liters of filtrate are formed each day.

How many liters of urine are formed?

A

1 — 2 liters

36
Q

Osmolarity is defined as….

A

The amount of osmotically active solutes in a liter of solution

37
Q

Osmoreceptors are located in the….

A
  • hypothalamus
38
Q

ADH….

A

Increases facultative water reabsorption

39
Q

What is the stimulus for increased secretion of ADH?

A

1% increase in plasma osmolarity

40
Q

ADH secretion results in the formation of a….

A

smaller volume of concentrated urine

41
Q

What are the 3 states of hydration?

A

Normal hydration -normal fluid intake for 12 hours, no fluid at start of experiment

Dehydration - deprived of water for 12 hours, no fluid at start of experiment

Water loaded - normal fluid intake for 12 hours, then at start of experiment, subjects given 1500 mL of distilled water to drink within 5 minutes.

42
Q
  • Urine and plasma will be monitored for osmolarity

which is measured using? freezing point depression.

A
  • freezing point depression.
43
Q

Dependent Variable:

a variable that is Observed & Measured in an experiment

A
  • urine and plasma values
44
Q

Independent Variable:

a variable that causes an effect on the dependent variables

A
  • fluid intake
45
Q

Controlled Variables:

things kept constant

A
  • room temperature

- age, gender, and weight

46
Q

EQUATIONS

A
  • Urine production rate (L/day)

- Urine production rate = Urine production during 30 min time period in milliliters × 48/1000

47
Q

POST EQUATION QUESTIONS

A

.

48
Q
  • Subjects were asked to refrain from alcohol and caffeine for a day before the start of the experiment. Why this is important?
A
  • Refraining from alcohol and caffeine before the experiment is important because these drinks cause an increase in the production of urine like a diuretic.
49
Q

What technique was used to measure urine and plasma osmolarity?

A
  • Freezing point depression.
50
Q
  • Does DEHYDRATION increase, decrease, or not change average URINE PRODUCTION RATE (L/day)???
A

Decrease

51
Q
  • Does WATER LOADING increase, decrease, or not affect average URINE PRODUCTION RATE (L/day)?
A

Increase

52
Q
  • Does DEHYDRATION increase, decrease, or not change average URINE OSMOLARITY (mosm/L)?
A

Increase

53
Q
  • Does WATER LOADING increase, decrease, or not change average URINE OSMOLARITY (mosm/L)?
A

Decrease

54
Q

Does DEHYDRATION increase, decrease, or not change average PLASMA OSMOLARITY (mosm/L)?

A

Not Change

55
Q

Does WATER LOADING increase, decrease, or not change average PLASMA OSMOLARITY (mosm/L)?

A

Not Change

56
Q

State: Does DEHYDRATION result in:

a CONCENTRATED… or dilute urine?

A

DEHYDRATION results in production of a CONCENTRATED urine.

57
Q

State: Does whether WATER LOADING result in:

concentrated or DILUTE urine?

A

WATER LOADING results in DILUTE urine.

58
Q
  • Describe how ADH secretion during DEHYDRATION changes urine production and osmolarity.
A
  • During dehydration, we need to retain as much water as we can so ADH secretion is increased. Therefore, ADH decreases urine production and increases osmolarity during dehydration.
59
Q
  • Describe how ADH secretion during WATER LOADING changes urine production and osmolarity.
A
  • During water loading, ADH secretion is reduced because we don’t need to keep as much water. Therefore, ADH increases urine production and decreases osmolarity during water loading.
60
Q
  • Describe how ADH secretion MAINTAINS PLASMA OSMOLARITY LEVELs during dehydration and water loading.
A
  • During dehydration, ADH secretion increases which also increases the amount of water that is reabsorbed and this decreases the plasma osmolarity.
    • During water loading, ADH secretion is reduced which decreases the amount of water that is reabsorbed and increases plasma osmolarity.
61
Q
  • Explain why in this experiment you did not see significant changes in plasma osmolarity during dehydration or water loading.
A
  • I didn’t see significant changes because it only takes one percent change in plasma osmolarity to activate ADH.
62
Q
  • Discuss why maintaining plasma osmolarity within normal limits is important.
A
  • Maintaining plasma osmolarity within normal limits is important in order for cells to function properly.
63
Q
  • RESTATE YOUR PREDICTIONS that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction.
A
  • All of my predictions were correct. This experiment proved that urine output will be highest during
    water loading, urine osmolarity will be highest during dehydration, and plasma osmolarity does not vary much during dehydration and water loading.
64
Q

How do you think these beverages affect ADH secretion?

A
  • I think these beverages decrease ADH secretion.
65
Q

Would urine osmolarity be increased or decreased?

A
  • Urine osmolarity would decrease.
66
Q

Explain why someone with DIABETES INSIPIDUS must drink more water than normal.

A
  • They would have to drink more water than normal because they don’t produce ADH. This means that they are losing a lot of water through their urine so they need to drink more than normal to compensate for the loss.
67
Q

Explain what happens to plasma osmolarity when you give a severely dehydrated person large amounts of pure water.

A
  • Plasma osmolarity would slightly decrease due to the person previously having a higher osmolarity while dehydrated.
68
Q

ORGANIZATION OF THE KIDNEYS

A

.

69
Q

Where are the Kidney’s located?

behind the digestive organ

A
  • they are toward the back near the lumbar
    vertebrae.

They are retroperitoneal which means retro=back peritoneum= way to refer to the digestive organs

70
Q

Each kidney is connected to 3 LAYERS of connective tissue: What are they?

What would happen without these 3 connective layers?

A
  1. An Outer Renal Fascia
  2. A Middle Adipose Capsule
  3. An Inner Renal Capsule

Tip: ONLY the RENAL CAPSULE is part of the Kidney itself and covers the outer surface of the Kidney.

The Kidney’s would move around in the body and could lead to Renal DYSFUNCTION and Renal FAILURE

71
Q

What’s the Renal Hilum?

What’s the Renal Cortex?

What’s the Renal Medulla?

What’s the Renal Pyramids

What are the Renal Columns?

A
  • The area where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the ureter enter or leave the kidney
    • Internally, it is the outer layer of the kidney and an inner layer of a renal medulla
    • The renal medulla is divided into regions called the Renal Pyramids. The Renal Medulla is not a continuous layer.
    • Each pyramid has an apex and a base. Each base faces the renal cortex. Each peak of the pyramids are called the Renal Papilla.
    • Regions of the Renal Cortex that extend between the renal pyramids and the medulla.
72
Q

What are parts of the kidneys that you CAN SEE with the naked eye?

What can you NOT SEE with the naked EYE?

How many nephrons are in one kidney?
How many in the entire BODY?

A

1 . renal cortex

  1. renal medulla
  2. The calyces
  3. The ureter
  • NEPHRONS
  • 1 Million Nephrons in one kidney
  • 2 million in the BODY
73
Q

The Renal Tubule is divided into 3 parts: What are
they?

Where’s the proximal tubule?

What’s the Loop of Henle?

What’s the Distal tubule?

A
  • Proximal Tubule
    • Loop of Henle
    • Distal Tubule
    • Beginning of Renal tubule. It is convoluted (coiled)
    • Consists of a descending limb and ascending limb
    • These terms are based on fluid movement in the loop of henle
    • Terminal part. Also convoluted (coiled)

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