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AP2 > Ch 1. Blood > Flashcards

Ch 1. Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of cells (formed elements) surrounded by a fluid extracellular matrix (plasma).

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2
Q

Blood, blood vessels, and the heart form what body system?

A

The cardiovascular system.

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3
Q

What is the Volume, pH, Temperature, Body Weight %, and Viscosity of blood? (These are the five physical characteristics of blood).

A 
Volume 5 L 
pH 7.4 (slightly alkaline/basic)
Temperature: 38°C or 100.4°F
Body Weight: 8%
Viscosity - Thicker than water
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4
Q

What are the 4 major functions of blood?

A
  1. Transports dissolved gasses, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, and hormones.
  2. Provides Immunity (defense) against foreign microbes
    (pathogens) and their toxins.
  3. Regulates the electrolyte (ion) composition and volume of body fluids.
  4. Protects the body from excessive fluid loss by clotting.
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5
Q
  1. If someone is dehydrated, their blood Volume is:

2. If someone is over-hydrated, their blood Volume is:

A
  1. Lower

2. Higher, causing the body to want to urine and release the extra fluid from the body

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6
Q

Albumins Facts (54% of the proteins in blood plasma):

A
  • This plasma protein is made by the liver
  • Gives blood a viscosity, or thickness, that is greater than water
  • Can transport hydrophobic hormones through the bloodstream to target cells
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7
Q 
Globulins Facts (38% of the proteins in blood plasma)
- Immunoglobulins and Antibodies
A
  • Antibodies are made by white blood cells called plasma cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes
  • Antibodies play a major role in immunity by destroying microbes
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8
Q

Fibrinogen (7% of the proteins in blood plasma)

A
  • This plasma protein is made by the liver

- Involved in blood clotting

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9
Q

What are the 3 main proteins found in plasma?

A
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
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10
Q

What are the 5 “other solutes” found in plasma? (1%)

A
  • Electrolytes
  • Nutrients
  • Gases
  • Regulatory Substances
  • Waste Products
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11
Q

Electrolytes (ions) Facts:

A
  • Sodium ions typically help regulate blood volume, due to the fact that they attract water via osmosis
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12
Q

What percent of whole blood is Plasma?
What percent of whole blood is Formed Elements?
What are the 3 main “Formed Elements” in whole blood?

A
  • 55%
  • 45%
  • Platelets: 150,000-400,000 (fragments of cells involved in blood clotting)
  • White Blood Cells aka Leukocytes: 5,000-10,000 (involved in immunity)
  • Red Blood Cells aka Erythrocytes: 4.8-5.4M (makes up 99% of the formed elements)
  • Red blood cells are red in color due to a protein called Hemoglobin, that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Platelets and White Blood Cells are clear because they lack Hemoglobin.
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13
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A
  • Neutrophils 60-70%
  • Lymphocytes 20-25%
  • Monocytes 3-8%
  • Eosinophils 2-4%
  • Basophils 0.5-1.0%
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14
Q

OVERVIEW OF THE BLOOD COMPLETE.

NEXT IS A SECTION ON ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’.

A

AKA ERYTHROCYTES.

AKA MAIN TYPE OF BLOOD CELLS (99%)

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15
Q

What’s the Diameter and Shape of a Red Blood Cell?

What’s the diameter of a Blood Capillary?

A
  • 7 to 8 microns (aka micrometers) … Biconcave
  • Varies from 5 to 8 microns

*This means Red Blood Cells are usually too big for blood capillaries. They have to bend and stack to get through them. Stacks of blood are called the Rouleaux

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16
Q

Normal Red Blood Cells vs. Sickled Red Blood Cells

A
  • Normal Red Blood Cells are biconcave in shape. They can bend to get through blood capillaries.
  • Red Blood Cells become sickled due to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. This causes the blood cell to no longer be flexible, and gets trapped in the blood capillary. This prevents blood from going through, thus tissue is unable to receive oxygen, and waste products are unable to be removed.
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17
Q

What are the 3 components of a red blood cell?

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Hemoglobin aka the main component: (about 280 Mill floating through the cytosol)
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18
Q

1 Molecule of Hemoglobin contains 4 sub units, what are the sub units called?

A

Each subunit is a protein:

  • Alpha 1
  • Alpha 2
  • Beta 1
  • Beta 2
  • Each sub unit is associated with a heme group, These heme groups consist of an iron ion surrounded by a porphyrin ring
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19
Q

Is blood hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Blood is hydrophilic because it is comprised of mostly water.
*Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are hydrophobic atmospheric gases, which is why they have to bind to Hemoglobin in the blood in order to be transported.

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20
Q

Binding of Oxygen to Hemoglobin Fact:

A
  • Oxyhemoglobin is when O2 binds with a heme group.

- If there is no oxygen bound to the heme group, then that heme-polypeptide is called a Deoxyhemoglobin

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21
Q

How do you know when Blood is Oxygenated?

*Transport of O2 through the blood of hemoglobin

A

Blood in systemic arteries has just come from the lungs, where it picked up oxygen.

  • Arterial blood in the circulation is said to be oxygenated because each of the hemoglobin molecules contain 4 heme-polypeptide units in the oxyhemoglobin form
  • Rmbr he more oxygen it has, the brighter the red gets in hemoglobin. So arterial blood in the systemic is bright red
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22
Q

Transport of O2 through the blood of hemoglobin: Continued

A

As blood enters the system capillaries, some oxygen is released in hemoglobin and enters surrounding tissue cells.

As a result, some heme-polypeptide units are in the deoxyhemoglobin form, and the remaining are in the oxyhemoglobin form.

*Rmbr the overall Hemoglobin molecule is a darker purple shade of red.

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23
Q

The Binding of Carbon Dioxide CO2 to Hemoglobin:

A
  • CO2 combines with certain amino acids within the globin sub units
  • This is called Carbaminohemoglobin
  • This usually happens in the systemic arteries
    -As blood travels through the systemic capillaries, many CO2 molecules from tissue cells bind to hemoglobin.
    -This blood enters the systemic venules, then the systemic veins
  • Hence the deoxygenated blood of systemic veins contains hemoglobin with large amount of carbon dioxide
  • The blood goes back to the heart then to the lungs where some of the CO2 is exhaled oxygen is picked up
    The oxygenated blood that leaves the lungs
  • CO2 combines with certain amino acids within the globin sub units
  • This is called Carbaminohemoglobin
  • This usually happens in the systemic arteries
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24
Q

What to call hemoglobin when O2 and CO2 are bound at the same time?

A

If one of the heme-polypeptide units of a hemoglobin molecule has Oxygen bound to the heme group, and Carbondioxide bound to the globin then it is called:

  • Oxyhemoglobin (in respect to the Oxygen)
  • Carbaminohemoglobin (in respect to Carbon Dioxide

If a heme-polypeptide has no oxygen bound to the heme group but there’s CO2 bound to the globin

  • Deoxyhemoglobin (in respect to oxygen) &
  • Carbaminohemoglobin (with respect to Carbon Dioxide)
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25
Q

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: AKA LEUKOCYTES

A

ENJOY

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26
Q

Why are white blood cells important

A

They help provide the body with immunity.

27
Q

What are the two types of immunity? Explain both and Provide examples of each.

A

Non-specific & Specific

Non-specific Immunity: Resistance to disease in response to any microbe or pathogen.
- Examples of NSI are: Phagocytosis & Inflammation

Specific Immunity: Resistance to a specific microbe or pathogen and involves memory.
- An example of SI is: The production of antibodies that fight a specific pathogen

28
Q

White blood cells are white/clear because…
How can we observe them using a light microscope then?
Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells retain their…

A

…they do not contain hemoglobin
- By staining them
…nucleus as they mature.

  • White blood cells also contain cytoplasmic granules (which are membranous structures in the cytosol such as secretory vesicles), lysosomes, & other organelles
29
Q

Granular and Agranular leukocytes are the 2 major types of Leukocytes. What’s the difference? Provide examples of each.

A

The difference is whether or not the white blood cells contain prominent cytoplasmic granules

Granular Leukocytes:
Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils

Agranular Leukocytes aka Agranulocytes: Appears to not have granules in the leukocytes but technically they do.. you just have to use a HIGH powered microscope to see.

30
Q

What are the types of hematology stains?

What is their pH/Color?

A

Eosin: Acidic pH and is Red
Basic Stain: Basic pH and is Purple
Neutral Stain: Neutral pH and is Pink

31
Q

Eosinophils Details and Functions:

A

Eosinophils nucleus is bilobed (two lobes)

Functions:

  • Involved in non-specific immunity that destroys most parasites, especially worms, by releasing chemicals
  • Can serve as weak phagocytes
32
Q

Basophils Details and Functions:

A
  • Basophils nucleus is shapes like an S or a U

Functions:
- Participate in non-specific immunity by promoting inflammation. They release a substance called histamine in response to tissue damage caused by injury or microbes that invade the body

*Inflammation is characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling. It serves as a call to arms that attract other white blood cells to fight the invading pathogens in that area

33
Q

Neutrophils Details and Functions:

aka polymorphonuclear leukocytes
aka The most numerous white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophils nucleus has 3 to 5 lobes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) connected to thin strands
  • Participate in non specific immunity by serving as phagocytes that can destroy any microbes that invade the body
34
Q

Monocytes Details and Function:

sn: *macrophages are the most phagocytic

A
  • Monocytes nucleus is shaped liked a kidney or horseshoe
  • Participate in non specific immunity by serving as phagocytes that can destroy any microbes that invade the body.

During this process, monocytes develop into huge cells called ***macrophages, which are the most phagocytic. Meaning they kill more amount of microbes per unit of time.

35
Q

Lymphocytes Details and Function:

*Specific immunity / B & T lymphocytes or cells

A
  • Lymphocytes contain a large, round nucleus, that takes most of the space in the cell
  • Only type of white blood cell involved in specific immunity
  • Two major types of lymphocytes:
    B & T lymphocytes (B cells / T cells)
  • 1Mil types of T lymphocytes
  • Each of these types of cells destroy a SPECIFIC type of microbe or pathogen.
  • Some of the clones these cells have memory in case the microbe tries to invade the body again
36
Q

B cells Details and Function:

*Amount plus Kill Strategy

A
  • 1 million types of B cells

- B cells kill their specific microbe/pathogen by producing PLASMA CELLS that release antibodies

37
Q

T cells Details and Function:

*Amount plus Kill strategy

A
  • 1 million types of T cells

T cells kill their specific microbe/pathogen by BINDING AND POKING the pathogen, causing it to explode.

38
Q

PLATELETS

A

ENJOY

39
Q

Define Platelets

A
  • Fragments of cells that splinter, or break off from a larger precursor cell.
  • Platelets are clear and do NOT have nuclei because of this.
40
Q

What do platelets and white blood cells have in common?

A
  • They are both clear because they don’t contain hemoglobin.
41
Q

Platelets Function in Detail:

  • Hemostasis and the proteins involved in clotting
  • fibrinogen, VIII, and Fibrin
A
  • Platelets are involved in clotting, a process which is called Hemostasis.
  • “When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets aggregate in the region of the broken blood vessel to temporarily plug in that area.

Afterwards, several reactions occur to form a clot. These reactions involve numerous clotting proteins such as: Fibrinogen, Factor VIII, and Fibrin.

42
Q

What is the protein mesh that ultimately forms the clot?

A

Fibrin

43
Q

POWERPHYS NOTES

A

ENJOY

44
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS
Cheat sheet of notes / Possible answers

*erythropoitein

A
  • RBC’s are produced in red bone marrow
  • Synthesis is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
  • The absence of a nucleus enables them to hold more hemoglobin
  • The lack of mitochondria means they do not use oxygen to generate ATP.
  • Red blood cell’s biconcave shape increases the surface area for gas diffusion
45
Q

ABO and RH blood typing
Cheat Sheet
Definitions
Possible answers

  • Antigens (agglutinogens)
  • Antibodies (agglutinins)
  • Agglutination (clumping)
A
  • ABO and Rh antigens located on the surface of RBC’s
  • Antibodies are located in blood plasma
  • Hereditary proteins called antigens determine a person’s blood type
  • Red blood cell membranes have hereditary proteins called antigens (agglutinogens)
  • Antibodies (agglutinins) are also hereditary proteins made by the immune system (immunoglobulins) that flow in the blood plasma.
  • Antibodies from an incompatible blood type can react with the antigens and cause agglutination (clumping) in the recipient’s blood causing a potential LIFE-threatening situation.
46
Q

What is the blood type of someone that exhibits agglutination with anti-A serum, no agglutination with anti-B serum, and agglutination with anti-Rh serum?

A

A+

47
Q

Which of the following blood tests would be directly associated with oxygen carrying capacity?
agglutination reaction

A

Hemoglobin concentration

48
Q

Why do RBCs have a biconcave shape?

A

To have more surface area to transport more oxygen per powerphys. More surface area to diffuse gases per prof.

49
Q

POWERPHYS EXPERIMENT 1 / HCT HB

A

ENJOY

50
Q

What was used to collect blood from the patient in the HCT/Hb experiment? What prevented the blood from clotting inside the tube?

A
  • A heparinized capillary tube will be used to collect blood. Heparin coats the sides of the capillary tube to prevent blood from clotting
51
Q

When centrifuged, what did the red blood cells RBC, plasma, and white blood cells look like inside the tube? Where were they?

A

When centrifuged, the red blood cells will become packed at the bottom of the capillary tube, the white blood cells form a narrow band (buffy coat) just above the packed red blood cells, and the plasma will be the clear, straw colored liquid at the top.

52
Q

How is Hematocrit calculated?

A
  • hematocrit is calculated by dividing the length of the packed RBC column
53
Q

Hemoglobinometer Details

*Green lights

A

Light is being passed through a green filter

  • The left half of the field shows the color of the hemolyzed RBC sample with hemoglobin released. The shade of green is dependent on the concentration of Hb in the hemolyzed RBC sample.
54
Q

POWERPHYS EXPERIMENT 2 / BLOOD TYPE & ANTI-SERUM

A

ENJOY

55
Q

When does agglutination occur?

A

If the RBCs contain antigens that react to the antibodies in the antisera, agglutination (clumping) will occur.

56
Q

QUESTION SET 1

A

ENJOY

57
Q

Centrifugation caused:

A

red blood cells to become packed at the bottom of the capillary tube.

white blood cells to accumulate between the red blood cells and plasma.

plasma to separate from the packed cells.

all of these! CORRECT!

58
Q

The hematocrit is calculated by ____ then multiplying by 100

A

dividing the length of the packed RBC column by total blood column length

59
Q

Training at high altitude after training at sea level, causes a person’s:

A

hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration to increase.

60
Q

The hemoglobinometer measures hemoglobin concentration by

A

comparing the color of light passing through a hemolyzed blood sample with the color of light passing through hemoglobin standard solutions

61
Q

A friend of yours is an athlete who wants to win a long distance race. She says she’s going to train in Denver, Colorado (elevation 1.610 m above sea level) rather than in her home town of Salisbury, Maryland (elevation 14 m above sea level). Based on the results of the hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) experiment, this would be a bad idea as it would decrease both of these parameters.

A

FALSE. Higher altitudes increased HCT and Hb levels in the athletes in the experiment.

62
Q

Agglutination in anti-A serum means that the RBCs:

A

have the A antigen in their plasma membranes.

63
Q

Barry has type O+ blood. His wife Anna has type A+ blood. Which type of antibodies would be present in both Barry’s and Anna’s blood?

A

anti-B antibodies

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