Ch. 8

Question 1

Somatic and Genetic (Hereditary) Damage Factors:
The 1 of ionizing radiation to which subject is exposed.
Ability of ionizing radiation to cause ionization of 2.
Amount of body 3 exposed.
Specific __4__ exposed.

Answer 1

1) Quantity
2) Human Tissue
3) Area
4) Parts

Question 2

Ionizing radiation produces greatest amount of biologic damage when a large dose of densely ionizing (__) radiation is delivered to a large or radiosensitive area of the body.

Answer 2

High LET (Linear Energy Transfer)

Question 3

1 effects occur when living organisms (ex: humans) experience biologic damage from exposure to radiation. Either classified as 2 or 3.

Answer 3

1) Somatic Effects
2) Early Somatic
3) Late Somatic

Question 4

Somatic Effects: If the consequences include cell killing and are 1 related to dose received, they are called 2 SOMATIC EFFECTS (formerly called 3)

Answer 4

1) DIRECTLY
2) Deterministic
3) Nonstochastic Somatic Effects

Question 5

Somatic Effects: As radiation dose increases, severity of early deterministic effects ___.

Answer 5

1) Increase

Question 6

Somatic Effects: These results have a __, which is a point at which they begin to appear and below which they are absent. Amount of damage depends on actual dose.

Answer 6

Threshold

Question 7

Early Deterministic Somatic Effects: These effects depend on the __ of exposure and appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks.

Answer 7

Time

Question 8

Early Deterministic Somatic Effects: The higher the dose, the __ the appearance of effects.

Answer 8

Earlier

Question 9

Early Deterministic Somatic Effects: With the exception of certain lengthy high-dose-rate fluoro procedures (HLCF=20 R/min. tabletop), diagnostic imaging does _ usually impose doses sufficient to cause early deterministic effects, so they are of little consequences to us.

Answer 9

NOT

Question 10

Possible high dose consequences: nausea, fatigue, 1 (skin reddening), 2 (hair loss), blood disorders, dry and moist desquamation, depressed sperm count, temporary or permanent 3.

Answer 10

1) Erythema
2) Epilation
3) Sterility

Question 11

1= whole body dose. Data from Atomic Bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nafasaki, Japan; Marshall Islanders;Chernobyl victims; radiation therapy pts.

Answer 11

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS

Question 12

Divisions of ARS (the higher the dose, the __ the Latent Period)

Answer 12

SHORTER

Question 13

1-10 Gy (100-1000 Rads)= 1 Syndrome. May die within 6-8 wks due to decreased # of RBC, WBC, and Platelets causing destruction of 2 system.

Answer 13

1) Hematopoietic -Sydrome

2) Immune System

Question 14

10-50 Gy (1000-5000 Rads)= 1 Syndrome. May die within 3-10 days due to catastrophic damage to epithelial cells that line the 2 tract.

Answer 14

1) Gastrointestinal Syndrome

2) Intestinal Tract

Question 15

50 Gy+ (5000 Rads +)= 1 Syndrome. May die within a few hours to 2-3 days due to failure of CNS and CV systems from excessive 2 resulting in increased cranial pressure.

Answer 15

1) Cerebrovascular (CNS)

Question 16

Response Stages of ARS:
1 or initial stage= occurs within hours after whole body exposure of 1 Gy (100 Rads). Includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, leukopenia. Severity of symptoms is dose related.
2 Period= occurs app 1 wk after Prodromal Stage when NO symptoms are visible.
3 Illness= when signs and symptoms become visible.
4 or Recovery= Recovery may occue in app 3 mths, but pt may experience long term effects of radiation.

Answer 16

1) Prodromal
2) Latent
3) Manifest
4) Death

Question 17

ARS from 1 and from 2 both provide data for radiobiologists to study.

Answer 17

1) Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident on 4/26/86

2) Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan bombings in 1945

Question 18

Lethal Dose 50/30 (1)= this is whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 2 of the exposed population within 3 days. Range of 3-4 Gy (300-400 Rads) The LD 50/0 is the same range.

Answer 18

1) LD 50/30
2) 50 %
3) 30 days

Question 19

____- occurs when cells are exposed to SUBLETHAL doses radiation. App 1 of radiation induced damage is irreparable, whereas 2 is able to be repaired, even though some permanent damage may occur.

Answer 19

Repair and Recovery

1) 10%
2) 90%

Question 20

____- significant cell death may lead to the shrinkage of organs or tissue, which is known as 1, which can affect their function. Exposure response depends on A, B, C.

Answer 20

Local Tissue Damage
1) Atrophy
A) Radiosensitivity 
B) Reproductive Characteristics
C) Growth Rate

Question 21

Exs of tissues that suffer immediate consequences after high doses include the 1, 2, 3.

Answer 21

1) Skin
2) Male and Female Reproductive Organs
3) Bone Marrow

Question 22

Skin Damage= Radiodermatitis (1) suffered by early dentists and radiologists; 2 or shedding of the outer layer of skin (moist or dry); 3 or “hair loss” (AKA apolecia). Some diseases were treated with 4 Rays of 10-20 kVp such as ringworm and it often lead to diffuse radness of the skin or 5. The use of 6 for extended periods of time can result in skin injury. NCRP says tabletop dose for routine fluoro can’t exceed 10 R/min, and 20 R/min for HLCF.

Answer 22

1) Significant Reddening of the skin
2) Desquamation
3) Epilation
4) B. Grenz Rays
5) Erythema
6) HIGH LEVEL CONTROL FLUOROSCOPY (HLCF)

Question 23

Repro System Damage= doses as low as 0.1 Gy (10 Rad) can depress the sperm count and delay or suppress menstruation. TEMPORARY STERILITY (for up to 12mths) may occur from a dose of 1 to the testes or ovaries, with PERMANENT STERILITY occurring at 2.

Answer 23

1) 2 Gy (200 Rads)

2) 5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)

Question 24

Hematologic Effects- a whole body dose as low as 1 may cause measurable hematologic depression and depress the immune system and causing Anemia. Personnel monitoring in the 2 consisted of periodic blood testing.

Answer 24

1) 0.25 Gy (25 Rads)

2) 1920s and 1930s

Question 25

___- the study of cell genetics with an emphasis on cell chromosomes.

Answer 25

Cytogentics

Question 26

___- a chromosome “map” that is a photomicrograph taken of the cell nucleus during METAPHASE to demonstrate each chromosome.

Answer 26

Karotype

Question 27

Cells are most sensitive to radiation damage during ___- can cause chromosome and chromatid aberrations.

Answer 27

METAPHASE

Question 28

1 of damage is from the INDIRECT and 2 from DIRECT.

Answer 28

1) 95 %

2) 5 %