Ch. 8 Flashcards
The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming
Instinct theories
The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior
Motivation
The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
Drive theories
The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium
Homeostasis
A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis
Drive
The view that behavior is motivated by the pool of external goals, such as rewards
Incentive theories
The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal – neither too high or too low
Arousal theory
The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities
Sensation seeking
The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors and motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential
Humanistic theories of motivation
Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fat; commonly called blood sugar
Glucose
Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior
Insulin
When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration
Basal metabolic rates
Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy
Adipose tissue
The long term matching of food intake to energy expenditure
Energy homeostasis
Hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
Ghrelin
In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior
Positive incentive value
In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied
Satiation
Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
The reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food
Sensory – specific satiety
Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior
Leptin
Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal bodyweight, called the set point weight that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism
Set-point theory
Gen. model of weight regulation suggesting that bodyweight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure
Settling point models of weight regulation
A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight
BMI
