Ch. 8- 2 Group Design

Question 1

Cocktail party effect

Answer 1

Ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment while ignoring everything else

Question 2

Suppression

Answer 2

○ Process of deliberately trying to stop thinking about certain thoughts
i.e. resist thinking about checking your phone when you get a text

Question 3

Covariation

Answer 3

○ Changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable
○ Part of determining causality
Correlational study can establish covariation, but not causation

Question 4

Temporal precedence

Answer 4

○ Changes in suspected cause (treatment) occurs before changes in effect (outcome)
○ Treatment occurs before changes in outcome
Needed to determine which variable is cause vs effect

Question 5

Internal validity

Answer 5

Degree to which we can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Question 6

Mundane realism

Answer 6

○ Degree to which a study parallels everyday situations in the real world
Want to make experimental conditions as natural as possible

Question 7

Two group design

Answer 7

○ Compares 2 groups or conditions
○ Basic way to establish cause and effect
Also known as a simple experiment

Question 8

All or nothing comparison

Answer 8

All or nothing comparison

Question 9

A little more versus a little less comparison

Answer 9

○ Experimental group gets a little bit more of the treatment, control group gets a little less
i.e. Degree to which participants have to ignore texts

Question 10

Independence

Answer 10

○ Assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point
○ Running multiple participants at the same time can compromise study’s independence
§ In a group, participants tend to favour their group over others
Acts as group rather than as an individual

Question 11

Random Assignment

Answer 11

○ Method of placing participants in groups that is non-systematic and non-biased
Each participants has an equal chance of being in any group

Question 12

Matched Pair Design

Answer 12

○ One creates a set of 2 participants who are highly similar on a key trait
Randomly assigns individuals in the pair to different groups

Question 13

Experimental Realism

Answer 13

○ Degree to which a participant becomes engrossed in the manipulation and truly influenced by it
Want study to feel as real as possible

Question 14

Manipulation Check

Answer 14

○ Measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed or varied the independent variable across conditions
i.e. on a scale of 1 to 10, how permissible was it to check your phone

Question 15

• T test for independent means

Answer 15

Compares group means to see if the groups differ to a degree that could not have just happened due to chance

Question 16

Effect size (d)

Answer 16

Measure of magnitude of the difference between groups