Ch 8

Question 1

Major kinds of supporting materials

Answer 1

Examples
Statistics
Testimonies

Question 2

Examples

With examples…
Without examples…
Considered the “…”

Answer 2

• Vivid, concrete examples have a strong impact on listeners’ beliefs and actions
• With examples–ideas become more specific, personal, lively
• Without examples–ideas seem vague, impersonal, and life-less
• Considered the “very life of the speech”

Question 3

Types of examples

Answer 3

Brief examples
Extended examples
Hypothetical examples

Question 4

Brief examples

Also called___

Answer 4

(Also called specific instances) are specific cases referred to in passing to illustrate a point
- Can also pile one brief examples upon another until you reach the desired impression

Question 5

Extended examples

Answer 5

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Question 6

Hypothetical examples

Answer 6

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
- Brief stories that relate to a general principle
- Create realistic scenario, relate it directly to your listeners, get audience involved in speech

Question 7

4 Tips for using examples

Answer 7

1. Use examples to personalize your ideas
   (People are interested in people,
   Put issue in terms everyone could understand)
2. Reinforce examples with stats or testimony
   (Examples can bring an issue alive but listeners may still wonder how many people the issue actually affects. In that situation you need to add stats or testimony)
3. Make your examples vivid and richly textured
   (More vivid=more impactful)
4. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
   (Extended example= a story or narrative.
   Use voice to get listeners involved.
   Speak faster here to create a sense of action, slower there to build suspense. Raise voice in some places, lower in others. Pause occasionally for dramatic effect.
   Most important–maintain eye contact.)

Question 8

Statistics

How to get them (3 ways)
3 types of statistics

Answer 8

• We feel more secure in our knowledge when we can express it numerically
• Often cited in passing to clarify or strengthen speaker’s points
  (Like brief examples)
• Can be used in combination to show the magnitude or seriousness of an issue.
  (Air pollution kills 7 mil people a year. That makes it five times as deadly as traffic accidents.)

How to get them
- Can be easily manipulated and distorted
- Need to be representative
- Get from objective, nonpartisan sources

Types of stats
- Mean
- Median
- Mode

Question 9

Mean

Answer 9

Average value

Question 10

Median

Answer 10

Middle number in a group arranged lowest to highest

Question 11

Mode

Answer 11

Most common occurring number

Question 12

4 tips testimonies

Answer 12

Quote/paraphrase accurately

Use qualified sources
(Use testimonies from sources qualifies on the subject at hand
Ex: Pro tennis play would not know more about the average person about watches so they would not be qualified)

Use from qualified sources
Use from unbiased sources (From credible, objective authorities)

Identify the people you quote/paraphrase
(Cite name and their qualifications
If you don’t=plagiarism, even if it was paraphrased)

Question 13

5 Tips statistics

Answer 13

• Use them only when needed and make sure they’re easy to understand
• Identify source of your stat
• Explain the stats and relate them to your audience
  (Explaining stats is particularly important when you deal with large numbers, because they are hard to visualize)
• **Round off **complicated stats
• Use visual aids to show statistical trends

Question 14

Testimony (definition)

Answer 14

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Question 15

Testimony

Answer 15

• Audiences respects opinions of people who have special knowledge/experience on the topic at hand
• Expert testimony vs peer testimony
• Quoting vs paraphrasing

Question 16

Expert testimony

Answer 16

Testimony from people who are acknowledged authorities in their fields

• Increases credibility of your speech
• Very important when the topic is controversial/audience is unsure about the speaker’s opinion

Question 17

Peer testimony

Answer 17

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience/insight into the topic

• Gives more personal viewpoint on issues
• More emotional impact

Question 18

Direct quotation

Answer 18

Testimony that is presented word for word

Better to use direct quotation when…
- Brief
- Convey meaning better than you can
- They are particularly eloquent/witty/compelling

Question 19

Paraphrasing

Answer 19

Presenting what the person said but in your own words.

Better to paraphrase when…
- Wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome
- When quotation is longer than 2-3 sentences

Question 20

Citing orally

Answer 20

• Do not have a standard format
• Tell your audience enough that they will know where info is from and why they should accept it as qualifies and credible
• Skillful speakers do not always have to say “According to…” or “quote…unquote”

Include

• Book/magazine/ newspaper you are citing
• Author/sponsoring organization
• Author’s qualifications with regard to the topic
  (Don’t need if they are known)
• Publication date/date last updated
  (Only need if the date affects the relevance of the person’s words)

Question 21

Quote/paraphrase accurately

Answer 21

Don’t accidentally mis-direct-quote someone

Don’t violate meaning of statements you paraphrase

Make sure you don’t quote out of context
- Quote out of context: Quoting a statement in a way to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words/phrases surrounding it
- Most subtle and dangerous way
- Highly unethical

Question 22

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

Answer 22

Are the stats representative?
Are they used correctly?
Are they from a reliable source?

Question 23

Explaining stats is particularly important when…

Answer 23

… you deal with large numbers, because they are hard to visualize.