ch 8

Question 1

skill

Answer 1

ability to perform a task thats been honed through learning

Question 2

perceptual motor skill

Answer 2

learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs

Question 3

cognitive skills

Answer 3

skill that requires problem solving or the application of strategies

Question 4

closed skills

Answer 4

skills that involve performing predicted movements that never vary

Question 5

open skill

Answer 5

require adjustments based on the environment

Question 6

knowledge of results

Answer 6

feedback about performance of a skill; critical to the effectiveness of practice

Question 7

power law of practice

Answer 7

gains are rapid at first, but decrease proportionately to whats already been learned

Question 8

massed practice

Answer 8

concentrated, continuous practice of a skill

Question 9

spaced practice

Answer 9

practice of a skill spread out over several sessions

Question 10

constant practice

Answer 10

focused on a single skill

Question 11

variable practice

Answer 11

alternates between a set of skills

Question 12

explicit learning

Answer 12

learning that includes the ability to verbalize about the actions or events being learned

Question 13

implicit learning

Answer 13

learning that occurs w/o the learner’s awareness of improvements in performance

Question 14

motor program

Answer 14

sequence of movements that an organism can perform automatically

Question 15

cognitive stage

Answer 15

individual must exert effort to encode the skill on the basis of info gained thru observation, instruction, and trial and error

Question 16

associative stage

Answer 16

learners use stereotyped actions when performing a skill and rely less on actively recalled memories of roles

Question 17

autonomus stage

Answer 17

a skill becomes motor program/automatic

Question 18

talent

Answer 18

a person’s genetically endowed ability to perform a skill better than most

Question 19

transfer

Answer 19

the generalization of a skill from one context to another

Question 20

transfer specificity

Answer 20

skills dont transfer well

Question 21

identical elements theory

Answer 21

learned abilities transfer to novel situations to an extent that depends on the number of elements in the new situation that are identical to those in the situation in which the skills were encoded

Question 22

learning set information

Answer 22

acquiring the ability to learn novel tasks rapidly based o frequent experiences with similar tasks

Question 23

skill decay

Answer 23

skills decay when theyre not used

Question 24

huntington disease

Answer 24

causes damage to brain neurons

Question 25

parkinsons disease

Answer 25

disruptions in the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, leads to increased muscular rigidity