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Psychology Test 3 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Forming ideas
Drawing conclusions
Expressing thoughts
Comprehending the thoughts of others
Reasoning & Solving problems

A

Cognition

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2
Q

this area plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, allocating attention, decision making and problem solving.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

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3
Q

Apple could include visual knowledge of it being small and red and a memory of tasting sweet or sour.

A

Mental Image

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4
Q

Mental representations of similar objects, events, ideas, or people that share similar characteristics.
* Help bring a sense of order to our world
* Make us better able to anticipate & predict future events
* Reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event

A

Concepts

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5
Q

Problem Solving:
Three Steps to the Goal

A

1.preparation 2. production 3.evaluation

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6
Q

best educated guess

A

Heuristics

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7
Q

Logical, step-by-step
procedure that will
always produce a
solution

A

Algorithms

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8
Q

A study done with Japanese
and American college students
found that Japanese recalled more
of the background objects than the
Americans. That is because their
cognitive style considers the context
of an object when explaining a
concept. Americans simply analyze
an object in singular fashion and do
not take a holistic approach when
explaining what they perceive.
Americans show more Analytic
cognitive styles and Asians use more
Holistic cognitive styles.

A

Cultural
Cognition

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9
Q
A

Holistic perception

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10
Q
A

Analytic perception

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11
Q

People overestimate the
frequency of dramatic deaths and underestimate the
frequency of undramatic deaths (airplane deaths vs.
tobacco related deaths).

A

Availability heuristic

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12
Q

Parents have 4 girls and yearn for a baby boy. They
believe the probability of having 5 girls in a row is
pretty low, so they go for it. In reality the
probability of having another girl is exactly the
same as the probability of having a boy.

A

Representativeness heuristic

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13
Q

The process that involves evaluating
alternatives and making choices among them
is known as

A

Decision Making

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14
Q

Tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or
customary way. Ex. You’re looking for a pen and you come back out with lipstick, but you don’t want to write with lipstick.

A

Functional Fixedness

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15
Q

The capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive
understanding of a person or thing.

A

Insight

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16
Q

reaching a sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

A

Insightful thinking

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17
Q

Thinking that produces many alternatives from a single
starting point; a major element of creativity.

A

Divergent Thinking

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18
Q

Children learn language the same way they learn everything else: through imitation,
reinforcement, and other established principles of conditioning.

A

Behaviorist Theories

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19
Q

Children learn the rules of language.

A

Nativist Theories

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20
Q

An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the
learning of language- Chomsky believed we all are born with this LAD.

A

Language acquisition device (LAD)

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21
Q

The rules governing how symbols in a language are used to form meaningful expressions.

A

Grammar

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22
Q

The basic units of sounds in a spoken language. Example: dog has 3 phonemes “d” “au” “g”= dog.

A

Phonemes

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23
Q

the rules of grammar
that determine how words are
ordered within sentences and
phrases to form meaningful
expressions. Example: The dog
sits by the flowers. Poor syntax
would be “the flowers dog by
sits dog”. Good syntax leads to
better understandings.

A

Syntax

24
Q

the set of rules
governing the meaning of
words.

A

Semantics

25
Q

The global capacity to think rationally, act
purposefully, and deal effectively with the
environment

A

INTELLIGENCE

26
Q

Book smarts and study habits overtime

A

Fluid Intelligence

27
Q

knowledge gained as you grow up

A

Crystallized Intelligence

28
Q

measured ability to solve problems
and to adapt and learn from
experiences
-This test was originally designed
specifically to determine which school
children were likely to be slow
learners who could benefit from
special education in public schools.

A

Intelligence found through Testing /Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale

29
Q

Mental age divided by
Chronological age multiplied by 100

A

IQ

30
Q

he measurement consistency of a psychological
test
* IQ tests are exceptionally

A

Reliability

31
Q

IQ tests are valid measures of the kind of intelligence necessary to do
well in academic work.

A

Validity

32
Q

People who score high on IQ tests are more likely than those who
score low to end up in high-status jobs.

A

intelligence is associated with vocational success.

33
Q

Q performance has
risen steadily in the
industrialized world
since the 1930s.
The Flynn effect has to
be attributed to
environmental factors.

A

The Flynn Effect

34
Q

Drops in IQ with age often occur among children who live in

A

poverty and experience

35
Q

Describes how impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth

A

Cumulative-deficit hypothesis

36
Q

Evidence to suggests that Intellectual development is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors is due to the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart being higher than the IQ scores between fraternal twins reared together.

A

Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study /Nature vs. Nurture in Intelligence

37
Q

tend to be healthier and live
longer

A

People with higher IQ scores

38
Q

What is defined as intelligent behavior varies depending on sociocultural context/street smarts or solving problems in everyday life

A

Practical component

39
Q

What is intelligent when a person first encounters a new task is not the same as what is intelligent after extensive experience

A

Creative component

40
Q

Focuses on the information-processing skills that produce answers to questions in traditional intelligence tests

A

Analytic component

41
Q

Novelist, journalists, teacher

A

Linguistics

42
Q

Engineer, architect, pilot/ how to pack multiple presents in a box, or how to draw a floor plan

A

Spatial

43
Q

Athlete,dancer,ski instructor/ body movement memory

A

Bodily/Kinesthetic

44
Q

increased success in almost all careers

A

Intrapersonal

45
Q

mathematician, scientist, engineer

A

logical/mathematical

46
Q

singer, musician, composer

A

Musical

47
Q

Biologist, naturalist being attuned to nature

A

Naturalistic

48
Q

Philosopher, theologian

A

Spiritual/existential

49
Q

usually able to be self-sufficient

A

mild disability

50
Q

able to perform simple unskilled tasks

A

moderate disability

51
Q

able to follow daily routines but with continual supervision

A

severe disability

52
Q

able to perform only basic tasks like feeding themselves walking and saying a few phrases

A

profound disability

53
Q

–Rapid learning
–Extensive vocabulary
–Good memory
–Long attention span
–Perfectionism
–Preference for older companions
–Excellent sense of humor
–Early interest in reading

A

Mental Giftedness

54
Q

a disability that results in a struggle to write legibly. This difficulty with putting their thoughts down on paper is inconsistent with a person’s IQ.

A

Dysgraphia

55
Q

most common learning disability in children that exhibits the inability to correctly process letters.

A

Dyslexia

56
Q

Learning disabilities are the same or are not the same as intellectual disabilities?

A

Are Not

Psychology Test 3 (3 decks)

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