Ch. 8 Flashcards
Forming ideas
Drawing conclusions
Expressing thoughts
Comprehending the thoughts of others
Reasoning & Solving problems
Cognition
this area plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, allocating attention, decision making and problem solving.
Prefrontal Cortex
Apple could include visual knowledge of it being small and red and a memory of tasting sweet or sour.
Mental Image
Mental representations of similar objects, events, ideas, or people that share similar characteristics.
* Help bring a sense of order to our world
* Make us better able to anticipate & predict future events
* Reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event
Concepts
Problem Solving:
Three Steps to the Goal
1.preparation 2. production 3.evaluation
best educated guess
Heuristics
Logical, step-by-step
procedure that will
always produce a
solution
Algorithms
A study done with Japanese
and American college students
found that Japanese recalled more
of the background objects than the
Americans. That is because their
cognitive style considers the context
of an object when explaining a
concept. Americans simply analyze
an object in singular fashion and do
not take a holistic approach when
explaining what they perceive.
Americans show more Analytic
cognitive styles and Asians use more
Holistic cognitive styles.
Cultural
Cognition
Holistic perception
Analytic perception
People overestimate the
frequency of dramatic deaths and underestimate the
frequency of undramatic deaths (airplane deaths vs.
tobacco related deaths).
Availability heuristic
Parents have 4 girls and yearn for a baby boy. They
believe the probability of having 5 girls in a row is
pretty low, so they go for it. In reality the
probability of having another girl is exactly the
same as the probability of having a boy.
Representativeness heuristic
The process that involves evaluating
alternatives and making choices among them
is known as
Decision Making
Tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or
customary way. Ex. You’re looking for a pen and you come back out with lipstick, but you don’t want to write with lipstick.
Functional Fixedness
The capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive
understanding of a person or thing.
Insight
reaching a sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
Insightful thinking
Thinking that produces many alternatives from a single
starting point; a major element of creativity.
Divergent Thinking
Children learn language the same way they learn everything else: through imitation,
reinforcement, and other established principles of conditioning.
Behaviorist Theories
Children learn the rules of language.
Nativist Theories
An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the
learning of language- Chomsky believed we all are born with this LAD.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
The rules governing how symbols in a language are used to form meaningful expressions.
Grammar
The basic units of sounds in a spoken language. Example: dog has 3 phonemes “d” “au” “g”= dog.
Phonemes
the rules of grammar
that determine how words are
ordered within sentences and
phrases to form meaningful
expressions. Example: The dog
sits by the flowers. Poor syntax
would be “the flowers dog by
sits dog”. Good syntax leads to
better understandings.
Syntax
the set of rules
governing the meaning of
words.
Semantics
