Ch. 8 Flashcards
Forming ideas
Drawing conclusions
Expressing thoughts
Comprehending the thoughts of others
Reasoning & Solving problems
Cognition
this area plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, allocating attention, decision making and problem solving.
Prefrontal Cortex
Apple could include visual knowledge of it being small and red and a memory of tasting sweet or sour.
Mental Image
Mental representations of similar objects, events, ideas, or people that share similar characteristics.
* Help bring a sense of order to our world
* Make us better able to anticipate & predict future events
* Reduce the need for new learning each time we encounter a familiar object or event
Concepts
Problem Solving:
Three Steps to the Goal
1.preparation 2. production 3.evaluation
best educated guess
Heuristics
Logical, step-by-step
procedure that will
always produce a
solution
Algorithms
A study done with Japanese
and American college students
found that Japanese recalled more
of the background objects than the
Americans. That is because their
cognitive style considers the context
of an object when explaining a
concept. Americans simply analyze
an object in singular fashion and do
not take a holistic approach when
explaining what they perceive.
Americans show more Analytic
cognitive styles and Asians use more
Holistic cognitive styles.
Cultural
Cognition
Holistic perception
Analytic perception
People overestimate the
frequency of dramatic deaths and underestimate the
frequency of undramatic deaths (airplane deaths vs.
tobacco related deaths).
Availability heuristic
Parents have 4 girls and yearn for a baby boy. They
believe the probability of having 5 girls in a row is
pretty low, so they go for it. In reality the
probability of having another girl is exactly the
same as the probability of having a boy.
Representativeness heuristic
The process that involves evaluating
alternatives and making choices among them
is known as
Decision Making
Tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or
customary way. Ex. You’re looking for a pen and you come back out with lipstick, but you don’t want to write with lipstick.
Functional Fixedness
The capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive
understanding of a person or thing.
Insight
reaching a sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
Insightful thinking
Thinking that produces many alternatives from a single
starting point; a major element of creativity.
Divergent Thinking
Children learn language the same way they learn everything else: through imitation,
reinforcement, and other established principles of conditioning.
Behaviorist Theories
Children learn the rules of language.
Nativist Theories
An innate mechanism or process that facilitates the
learning of language- Chomsky believed we all are born with this LAD.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
The rules governing how symbols in a language are used to form meaningful expressions.
Grammar
The basic units of sounds in a spoken language. Example: dog has 3 phonemes “d” “au” “g”= dog.
Phonemes
the rules of grammar
that determine how words are
ordered within sentences and
phrases to form meaningful
expressions. Example: The dog
sits by the flowers. Poor syntax
would be “the flowers dog by
sits dog”. Good syntax leads to
better understandings.
Syntax
the set of rules
governing the meaning of
words.
Semantics
The global capacity to think rationally, act
purposefully, and deal effectively with the
environment
INTELLIGENCE
Book smarts and study habits overtime
Fluid Intelligence
knowledge gained as you grow up
Crystallized Intelligence
measured ability to solve problems
and to adapt and learn from
experiences
-This test was originally designed
specifically to determine which school
children were likely to be slow
learners who could benefit from
special education in public schools.
Intelligence found through Testing /Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale
Mental age divided by
Chronological age multiplied by 100
IQ
he measurement consistency of a psychological
test
* IQ tests are exceptionally
Reliability
IQ tests are valid measures of the kind of intelligence necessary to do
well in academic work.
Validity
People who score high on IQ tests are more likely than those who
score low to end up in high-status jobs.
intelligence is associated with vocational success.
Q performance has
risen steadily in the
industrialized world
since the 1930s.
The Flynn effect has to
be attributed to
environmental factors.
The Flynn Effect
Drops in IQ with age often occur among children who live in
poverty and experience
Describes how impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth
Cumulative-deficit hypothesis
Evidence to suggests that Intellectual development is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors is due to the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart being higher than the IQ scores between fraternal twins reared together.
Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study /Nature vs. Nurture in Intelligence
tend to be healthier and live
longer
People with higher IQ scores
What is defined as intelligent behavior varies depending on sociocultural context/street smarts or solving problems in everyday life
Practical component
What is intelligent when a person first encounters a new task is not the same as what is intelligent after extensive experience
Creative component
Focuses on the information-processing skills that produce answers to questions in traditional intelligence tests
Analytic component
Novelist, journalists, teacher
Linguistics
Engineer, architect, pilot/ how to pack multiple presents in a box, or how to draw a floor plan
Spatial
Athlete,dancer,ski instructor/ body movement memory
Bodily/Kinesthetic
increased success in almost all careers
Intrapersonal
mathematician, scientist, engineer
logical/mathematical
singer, musician, composer
Musical
Biologist, naturalist being attuned to nature
Naturalistic
Philosopher, theologian
Spiritual/existential
usually able to be self-sufficient
mild disability
able to perform simple unskilled tasks
moderate disability
able to follow daily routines but with continual supervision
severe disability
able to perform only basic tasks like feeding themselves walking and saying a few phrases
profound disability
–Rapid learning
–Extensive vocabulary
–Good memory
–Long attention span
–Perfectionism
–Preference for older companions
–Excellent sense of humor
–Early interest in reading
Mental Giftedness
a disability that results in a struggle to write legibly. This difficulty with putting their thoughts down on paper is inconsistent with a person’s IQ.
Dysgraphia
most common learning disability in children that exhibits the inability to correctly process letters.
Dyslexia
Learning disabilities are the same or are not the same as intellectual disabilities?
Are Not
