Ch. 7 Flashcards
An internal record or representation of some prior event or experience.
Memory
Outlining each chapter from our book to help you organize data in your long-term memories for easier retrieval . Helps build a cognitive map of information & improves memory.
Constructive Process
Organization
Details of
experiences
must be
encoded into
our memories,
or they will not
be retrievable,
which is called
Encoding
Typing in a computer then it’s saving the data and showing you on its screen
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Is the word written in capital letters?
Shallow/Structrual
Does the word rhyme with weight?
Intermediate/Phonemic
Would the word fit in a sentence?
Deep/Semantic
let’s say you read that phobias are often caused by classical conditioning, and you apply this idea to your own fear of spiders by analyzing how you were conditioned.
Elaboration
If you were asked to remember the word juggler, you could readily form an image of someone juggling balls.
Visual Imagery
Paivio’s
theory that memory is enhanced
by forming both semantic and
visual codes since either can lead
to recall.
Dual coding Theory
High motivation to remember
(MTR) at the time of encoding
improves recall later.
Motivation to remember
at work when you try to remember who won the Super Bowl last year or when you reminisce about your high school days.
Retrospective memory
include remembering to bring your umbrella, to walk the dog, to call someone, or to grab the tickets for the big game.
Prospective memory
Butter, bread, jam, etc.
Clustering
Animals, mammals & birds, Canine, Feline, rodents, dog, cat, rat
,/Conceptual hierarchy
How we store memories?
A flash of lightning and you see an object and you can recall what it looked like
Iconic Memory
is a 3 or 4 second sensory/acoustic memory of a sound.
Ethoic Memory
is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds. Leans more on acoustic coding
Short-Term Memory
is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time. Leans more on semantic coding
Long-Term Memory
memory with conscious recall
/Declarative/Explicit memory
bananas are yellow, 12 months in a year, spiders have 8 legs what memory knows this?
Semantic memory
Highschool graduation and the birth of your first child what memory uses this?
Episodic memory
Nondeclarative/implicit memory
memory without conscious recall
How to drive a car, brush your teeth, ride a bike
Procedural memory
phobias
Classically conditioned memory
Heighted fears after reading a scary novel
Priming
Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
The process of linking new information to previously stored material
Elaborative Rehearsal
Grouping separate pieces of
information into a single unit
Chunking
Piano practice
Long Term Potentiation
multiple-choice test
Recognition
essay test
recall
What do we use to locate info in our mind?
visuospatial sketchpad
we are good at remembering mental pictures and acronyms,(LOL) which can help us recall the meanings./PEMDAS
Mnemonics
Clue or prompt that helps
stimulate recall or retrieval
of a stored piece of
information from long-term
memory
Retrieval Cue
Details of a birthday party include cake and ice cream, gifts, etc.
Schema
Just sharing your thought that someone was probably driving drunk can lead another to describe what they saw with this new information attached to it, “yes, they were weaving”.
Misinformation effect
Remembering things better when they are at the start of a list
primacy effect
remembering items at the very
end of a list is due to the
recency effect
People tend to show better
recall for items at the
beginning and the end
When you are learning new
information, like the names of
your classmates, and you begin
to forget the names of last
semesters classmates.
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE:
When you have previous learned
information interfere with
recalling newly learned
information, such as calling a
new girlfriend by your previous
girlfriends name.
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it’s just out of reach. Happens about once a week and increases with age.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
often facilitate the retrieval of information.
* The value of reinstating the context of an event may account for how hypnosis occasionally stimulates eyewitness recall in legal investigations.
* Hypnotists use context cues.
* Research suggests that hypnosis often increases individuals’ tendency to report incorrect information.
Context Cues
Facts you learned in school gradually fade out of
memory over time
Decay theory
After sitting through your biology lecture, you forget
what you learned in chemistry class the hour before
Interference
theory
you cannot remember a traumatic childhood
experience
Motivated
forgetting
You have difficulty remembering something you
know is stored in memory
Retrieval theory
-Decay theory
-Interference
theory
-Retrieval theory
-Motivated
forgetting
Theories of
Forgetting
You recite a phone number or the capitals of U.S.
states or the provinces of Canada
Recall task
You recognize the correct answer in a multiple-
choice question
Recognition task
Recall and Recognition task
Measuring
Methods
After suffering a blow to the head in a car accident, you
are unable to remember details of the accident itself
Retrograde
amnesia
Because of a brain disorder, you find it difficult to
retain new information
Anterograde
amnesia
Retrograde
amnesia and Anterograde
amnesia
Types of
Amnesia
cramming before a test
Massed Practice
studying overtime or period of days
Distributed (or Spaced) Practice
One effective way to distribute
practice is repeated self-testing, often called the testing
effect.
Retrieval Practice
