CH 8

Question 1

What is interdependence?

Answer 1

Mutual dependance (Onderlinge afhankelijkheid), where the condition of one depends on another and vice versa. can be good or bad

Question 2

What is globalization?

Answer 2

The worldwide networks of interdependence

Question 3

What is enviromental globalization?

Answer 3

• Diseases

- Spread of foreign species of flora and fauna to new areas

Question 4

What is military globalization?

Answer 4

Consists of networks of interdependence in which force, or the threat of force, is employed

Question 5

What is social globalization?

Answer 5

• Spread of peoples, cultures, images and ideas.

- Migration

Question 6

What is political globalization?

Answer 6

Spread of constitutionals arrangements, the increase in number of countries that have become democratic and the development of international rules and institutions.

Question 7

What is contemporary globalization?

Answer 7

Contemporary globalization is “thicker and quicker” or “farther, faster, cheaper and deeper.”

Question 8

What is “network effects” ?

Answer 8

A term economists use to refer to situations in which a product becomes more valuable once many other people also use it.

Question 9

What is thickness of globalization?

Answer 9

The density of networks of interdependence. The effects of events in one geographical area, can have profound effects elsewhere. Globalization is accompanied by pervasive uncertainty and its effects are increasingly unpredictable

Question 10

What are the four distinctions of interdependence?

Answer 10

• Its sources
• benefits
• relative costs
• symmenetry

Interdependence can originate in physical (natural) or social (economic, political or perceptual) phenomena.

Military interdependence is the mutual dependence that arises from military competition. Economic interdependence involves policy choices about values and costs. Social choices as well as physical shortages affect economic interdependence in the long run.

Question 11

What are bennefits of interpendence?

Answer 11

Zero-sum: your loss is my gain and vice versa
Positive sum; we both gain
Negative sum: we both lose

Traditional international politics could be positive-sum, depending on the actor’s intentions. In politics of interdependence, the distinction between what is domestic and what is foreign becomes blurred.

The classical balance-of-power theory, which predicts that one country will act only to keep the other down lest the other gain preponderance (overwicht), is not valid in this situation. In economic interdependence, states are interested in absolute gains as well as gains relative to other states.

Question 12

What are the short-run costs of interdependence?

Answer 12

Sensitivity, refers to the amount and pace of the effects of dependence.

Question 13

What are the long-term costs of interdependence?

Answer 13

Vulnerability, refers to the relative costs of changing the structure of a system of interdependence.

• the less vulnerable of the two countries is not necessarily the less sensitive; rather, it is the one for whom adjustment is less costly.
• Vulnerability is a matter of degree
• Depends on aggregate measures, whether substitutes are available, whether there are diverse sources of supply.

Question 14

What is symmetry of interdependence?

Answer 14

Symmetry refers to situations of relatively balanced versus unbalanced dependence. Being less dependent than others can be a source of power. Manipulating the asymmetries of interdependence can be a source of power in international politics

Question 15

What is the IMF?

Answer 15

International Monetary Fund. Lends money, usually to developing countries and new market economies, to help when they have difficulties with their balance of payments or with paying interest on their debts.

Question 16

What is the WTO?

Answer 16

World Trade Organization. Established rules for liberal trade and has served as the locus for a series of rounds of multilateral negotiations that have lowered trade barriers.

Question 17

What do critics thing of major international economic institutions?

Answer 17

That they are biased in favor of rich rather than poor countries. The IMF and the World Bank for example have weighted voting, giving US, Europe and Japan preponderant influence. Financial volatility remains a potential problem. Global financial markets have grown dramatically in recent years, and their volatility poses risks to stability.

Question 18

What is the view of realism on interdependence? what term?

Answer 18

If welfare rather than security is the primary goal, it could be called complex interdependence. It’s an imaginary concept.

Question 19

What are the three ways of explainning the changes in the international oil regime?

Answer 19

• The overall balance of power
- Two changes effected the balance: the rise of nationalism and decolonization
-Accompanying the rise in nationalism was a rise in the costs of military intervention. It is much more expansive to use force against a nationalistically awakened and decolonized people.
• The balance of power in the oil industry
- Focusses on the relative symmetry of economic power of various countries
• International institutions
-OPEC, organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Eventually the poorer countries wanted a better division of the profits. The multinationals could threaten to pull out, but poor countries could credibly threaten to run operations by themselves

Question 20

Why was the oil weapon not more effective?

Answer 20

Reciprocity (wederkerigheid) in interdependence. There was an indirect linkage between security interdependence and oil interdependence. Force was too costly to use overtly, but it played a role as a power resource in the background