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PSYC111 > Ch 8-10 Knowledge Check > Flashcards

Ch 8-10 Knowledge Check Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

structures & processes involved in storage & retrieval of info

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2
Q

search metaphor

A

way of describing processes used in memory using terms & phrases that relate them to looking around in a physical or virtual space
- wax tablet (Plato & Aristotle)
- rooms of a house (Freud)
- library
- purse
- tape recorder

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3
Q

failure of search

A

the inability to remember something

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4
Q

reconstruction metaphor

A

describes how we primarily use memory to cobble together a useful response using both what we know & the situation around us
- scientist studying dinosaur skeletons found some bones but must reconstruct some by guessing to fill in the missing parts

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5
Q

encoding

A

the process of how info is initially learned

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6
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining info about an event over a short or long period of time
- memories must be stored as a part of the brain’s physical structure

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

a system that keeps info translated by senses briefly active in a relatively unaltered form
- iconic (visual) –> George Sperling experiment flashing different rows of letters
- echoic (auditory)

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7
Q

immediate memory

A

system that actively holds on to a limited amount of info so that it can be manipulated & processed
- representation
- duration
- capacity

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7
Q

representation

A

type of information that memory system contains
- how info is coded
- inner voice
- inner eye

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8
Q

inner voice

A

mental experience of hearing yourself talk in your head
- evidence for verbal representation of immediate memory
most compelling evidence for inner voice comes from errors made in immediate recall (someone mishears you spelling your name)

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9
Q

inner eye

A

mental experience of seeing something using your imagination
- evidence for visual representation in immediate memory
- Stephen Kosslyn experiment (people asked to imagine goose next to elephant; difficult to imagine goose bc it small relative to elephant)

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10
Q

duration

A

how long a memory system can contain information before it is forgotten
- duration is indefinite with rehearsal
- durations lasts about 3 seconds without rehearsal

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11
Q

capacity

A

how much information can be held in a memory system
- capacity is what you can rehearse in roughly 2 seconds

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12
Q

memory span

A

number of items that can be kept active in immediate memory at one time
- 7 +/- 2 pieces of information

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13
Q

chunking

A

process of arranging material into compact meaningful chunks so they can be more easily rehearsed in immediate memory

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14
Q

working memory model

A

model of immediate memory that emphasizes its role as a system for manipulating information in consciousness

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15
Q

phonological loop

A

system within working memory model that temporarily manipulates auditory & verbal info

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16
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

system within working memory model where visual & spatial info is stored & manipulated

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17
Q

central executive

A

hypothetical portion of working memory model that directs activity of working memory including phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, & flow of info between working & long-term memory

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18
Q

long-term memory

A

memory systems used to store & recall info over extended periods of time
- believed to be limitless in storage capacity

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19
Q

episodic memory

A

memory that pertains to specific events/episodes that have been encoded
- about specific context

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20
Q

semantic memory

A

memories whose contents relate to specific facts & pieces of meaningful info not based on personal experience
- remembering facts
- no context

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21
Q

procedural memory

A

memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as motor skills involved in walking & riding a bicycle
- how a task is completed

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22
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory to meaningfully connect it to other info already stored in long-term memory
- demonstrated through levels of processing experiment

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23
Q

deep processing

A

encoding new info through making meaningful connections to existing knowledge
- encoding info based on meaning

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24
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding info based on surface-level characteristics

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25
Q

massed practice

A

repeated exposure to info over a short period of time or without gaps between repetitions

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26
Q

spacing effect

A

learning is most robust when repeated exposure to info occurs over an extended period of time

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27
Q

adaptive memory

A

subfield of memory research focused on investigating how brain is designed to learn to remember given evolutionary considerations

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28
Q

retrieval practice

A

repeated information is more useful for long-term memory than other tasks, such as repeatedly reading the same info

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29
Q

explicit memory

A

remembering that occurs consciously with intent

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30
Q

implicit memory

A

remembering that occurs without conscious realization or intent
- completing word stem ELE-

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31
Q

errors of omission

A

memory errors where info cannot be brought to mind
- transience
- absent-mindedness
- blocking

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32
Q

errors of commission

A

memory errors when wrong or unwanted info is brought to mind
- misattribution
- suggestibility
- bias
- persistence

33
Q

transcience

A

info forgotten info due to interference

34
Q

retroactive interference

A

inability to retrieve older info due to influence of new info

35
Q

proactive interference

A

inability to retrieve newer info due to influence or old info

36
Q

absent-mindedness

A

memories are sometimes unavailable due to inability to encode them
- due to lack of attention or rehearsal

37
Q

blocking

A

not enough distinctive cues are present o to retrieve a memory

38
Q

suggestibility

A

how memories can be altered by context in which they are remembered to better fit current context

39
Q

persistence

A

memory retrieved when not wanted
- PTSD

40
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss due to physical damage or problems in the brain

41
Q

language

A

grouping of spoken, written, or gestured symbols used to convey info

42
Q

productivity

A

the creation of new messages
- humans can connect unrelated info to form new ideas or messages

43
Q

Skinner’s theory of language

A

defined speech as verbal behavior
- environmental influences strongly dictate language development

44
Q

Chomsky theory of language

A

biological constraints on language development

45
Q

verbal behavior

A

language is formed from a series of reinforcements
- ideas from operant conditioning

46
Q

language acquisition device (LAD)

A

hypothetical mechanism in the brain responsible for the faculty of language

47
Q

critical period

A

theoretical stage in development when it is necessary to receive environmental stimulation in order to promote healthy development

48
Q

sensitive period

A

throughout development, neurological system is more malleable during development but is still modifiable later in life with proper environmental stimulation

49
Q

Broca’s area

A

region of frontal lobe thought to contribute to motor production of speech

50
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

region in temporal lobe thought to contribute to comprehension of language

51
Q

Broca’s / non-fluent aphasia

A

difficulty with motor production of language

52
Q

hemispheric lateralization

A

certain functions, such as language, are dominantly controlled by one hemisphere of the brain compared to the other

53
Q

Wernicke’s / aphasia

A

pt has intact physical production of speech, but communication lacks meaning

54
Q

prosody

A

patterns or melody of speech

55
Q

phoneme

A

smallest sound unit of language

56
Q

morpheme

A

smallest portion of a word that conveys meaning

57
Q

semantics

A

meaning of a word
- conceptual knowledge stored in left temporal lobe

58
Q

prototype

A

most common form a word assumes when imagined

59
Q

heuristics

A

short-cut rules that are applied to solve problems

60
Q

representative heuristic

A

problem solver mentally compares something to stored prototype

61
Q

availability heuristic

A

make judgements based on how easily instances of the same or related events are to retrieve from our memory

62
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to pay attention to info consistent with one’s existing beliefs & ignore info that is inconsistent

63
Q

system 1 thinking

A

system of thinking based on emotion

64
Q

system 2 thinking

A

logical, rational thinking

65
Q

intelligence

A

capacity to solve a wide variety of problems through pattern recognition, analogous transfer, & reasoning
-inter = between
-legere = to choose, pick out, read
- intelligence is thought to generate most behavior flexibility

66
Q

Aristotle’s 2 dimensions of behavior flexibility

A
  • practical wisdom = application of knowledge
  • theoretical wisdom = conceptualization of underlying explanations
67
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

measured varied abilities of people using empirical methods to ensure precise assessment
- general cognitive ability, g = intelligence related to how well one uses senses, product of heredity

68
Q

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

A

focused on behavior measures of intelligence; thought of intelligence in more cognitive terms
- standardized measure of intelligence
- defined as ability to judge, comprehend, & reason well
- direction, adaptation, criticism

69
Q

direction

A

ability to know what to do & how to do it

70
Q

adaptation

A

ability to create strategies to solve problems

71
Q

criticism

A

reflect on problem-solving behavior and identify mistakes

72
Q

deviation IQ

A

Wechsler’s compared one’s performance to average score on test for large group of people of same age
- average IQ of any age is 100
- SD is always 15 points

73
Q

eugenics

A

argument that human society would be improved by encouraging reproduction of individuals with “desirable” traits & discourage those with “undesirable” traits
- widely discredited as unethical

74
Q

Raven’s progressive matrices

A

non-verbal test to measure intelligence
- people presented with pattern or shape must infer which of the options is correct
- useful for testing intelligence so language does not interfere with performance

75
Q

social Darwinism

A

misapplication of Darwin’s theory of evolution
- “survival of the fittest”
- Terman thought people of white European ancestry were superior
- his intelligence tests were biased towards white European-Americans

76
Q

stereotype threat

A

risk of confirming negative expectations about one’s own social group

77
Q

Charles Spearman

A

hypothesized intelligence is made up of 2 levels
- higher-order level of general intelligence, g
-lower-order specialized abilities that are specific to certain subjects or tasks
-measures of general intelligence g, have been found to predict how well people do in college, how much a person earns, chooses, their career, etc.

78
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to think & solve problems in complex & novel situations in a flexible manner without relying on prior knowledge

79
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

ability to solve problems using prior knowledge

80
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

ability to change how one is formulating a problem & to redirect one’s attention accordingly
- usually involves breaking out of typical / standard forms of behavior

81
Q

wisdom paradox

A

Goldberg’s term for the fact that we seem to get wiser with age even though our intelligence goes down with age

PSYC111 (3 decks)

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