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PSYC111 > CH 6 & 7 Knowledge Check > Flashcards

CH 6 & 7 Knowledge Check Flashcards

1
Q

corpus callosum

A

band of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres of the brain together, allowing them to share information

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2
Q

conscious content

A

the subjective experiences of one’s internal & external world

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3
Q

attention

A

process of selecting information from the internal & external environment to prioritize for processing

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4
Q

selective attention

A

attending to one source of information while simultaneously ignoring other stimuli

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5
Q

active attention

A

attention is directed by goals & top-down processing

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6
Q

passive attention

A

bottom-up information from the external environment requires a response

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7
Q

stimulus salience

A

stimuli in environment capture attention by virtue of their physical (bottom-up) properties
- noticing a bright light in a dim room or a loud sound in a quiet room

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8
Q

attentional capture

A

attention is diverted due to salience of stimulus

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9
Q

cocktail party effect

A

describes a situation of selective attention in which a person at a party can be engaged in conversation & ignore all other information going on around them

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10
Q

dichotic listening task

A

attention task in which one message is presented to one ear & a different message is given to the other ear; the participant focuses on one message & is unable to recall the other

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11
Q

divided attention

A

a person engages in 2 or more tasks at once (multitasking)

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12
Q

automaticity

A

effortless processing of information without conscious thought
- something is automatic when performance is not impaired by other tasks

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13
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when engaged in a task, one completely misses other information

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14
Q

flicker task

A

change attention task in which participants are shown an image, followed by a white screen, the other variation of the image, then another white screen; participants are found to take a while to figure out the difference between the photos

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15
Q

subconscious processing

A

aware of info from the environment but unaware it is influencing behavior
- subvisual images
-subaudible messages

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16
Q

visual neglect

A

-disorder results from lesions on the right (inferior) parietal lobe of the cortex
- pts lose awareness of visual stimuli on the left
- some pts can report some details of color & form of visually neglected stimuli (intact visual system still evaluates some components of visual message despite pts being unaware of them)

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17
Q

ADHD

A

-impulsivity, poor planning, hyperactivity, inability to sustain attention on single task

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18
Q

sleep

A

altered state of consciousness in which the body is resting but the brain is active

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19
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

rare, genetic disorder affecting the thalamus causing individuals to die from lack of sleep

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20
Q

beta waves

A

appear on EEG when person is alert & actively processing info
-also occur during REM sleep
-13-30 Hz
-desynchronized & erratic, indicating many neural circuits in the brain are processing info

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21
Q

alpha waves

A

appear on EEG when person is alert but relaxed
-8-12 Hz
-waves look more regular & predictable

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22
Q

theta waves

A

appear on EEG when person is deeply relaxed or falling asleep
-present throughout sleep cycle
-3.5-7.5 Hz
-firing rate across cortex becomes synchronized during stage 1 sleep (very light)

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23
Q

sleep spindles

A

brief busts of activity (12-14 Hz) that appear in transition from stage 1 to stage 2 sleep
-occur 2-5 times per min during non-REM sleep
-believed to play a role in memory consolidation
-correlation between increased sleep spindles & high IQ

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24
Q

K-complexes

A

pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition during stage 2 sleep
-can be triggered by unexpected noise
-soundly asleep during the stage but likely not aware one is asleep
-waves likely prepare brain to enter delta wave activity

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25
Q

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

stage 3 & 4 of sleep with delta wave activity
- deepest stage of sleep
- only strong stimulus will wake someone and they will feel groggy upon waking up
-common for nightmares to occur during this stage

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26
Q

delta waves

A

occurs during SWS
-< 4Hz
-slow, regular, high-amplitude waves
-each oscillation is a biphasic wave reflecting a period of neural inhibition & period of neural excitation

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27
Q

REM (rapid eye movement)

A

stage of sleep in which vivid dreaming occurs; EEG recordings becomes highly irregular & person’s eyes will move side to side rapidly
-45 min after beginning SWS
-desynchronized beta waves
-brain is highly active & EEG looks more similar to when one is alert
-body usually becomes paralyzed during REM (REM sleep antonia)

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28
Q

rebound phenomenon

A

there is a need for a certain amount of REM sleep
-when brain is deprived of REM for several days, it will enter REM more quickly & spend proportionally more time in this stage

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29
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

among first scientists to investigate dreaming
-greater contribution to behavior is due to unconscious processes

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30
Q

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

dreams do not serve a purpose, but rather are consequences of other processes that occur during sleep

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31
Q

evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

A

dreams have a biological significance
-dream about things directly related to survival

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32
Q

insomnia

A

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

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33
Q

conditioned insomnia

A

going to bed becomes associated with the inability to fall asleep, creating feelings of anxiety about going to sleep

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34
Q

idiopathic insomnia

A

childhood-onset insomnia

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35
Q

hypersomnia

A

excessive sleeping or feeling of sleepiness during daytime hours

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36
Q

sleep apnea

A

patient stops breathing while asleep & the buildup of carbon dioxide wakes them up

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37
Q

narcolepsy

A

the extreme need to sleep
-uncontrolled sleep attacks

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38
Q

cataplexy

A

muscle weakness or paralysis during waking hours
-associated with narcolepsy

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39
Q

sensory hallucinations

A

hypnagogic hallucinations - occur upon onset of sleep
hypnopompic hallucinations - occur just before waking

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40
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

inability of the brain to effectively paralyze the body during sleep
night terrors - frightened panicked screaming that is not remembered upon waking up
somnambulism - sleepwalking

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41
Q

biological clock

A

internal clock that prepares body for daily, seasonal, & annual rhythms

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42
Q

circadian rhythm

A

daily body clock that tells you when to go to sleep & wake up

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43
Q

zeitgeber

A

cues from the environment that set biological clocks
-presence or absence of light

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44
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

structure in the brain next to optic chiasm that sets body’s circadian clock
-SCN sends signals to several regions of brain, such as pineal gland
-pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to light/dark cycle

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45
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

substances from environment other than food that influence behavior

46
Q

dependence

A

individual requires drug to maintain normal functioning
-refraining taking drug will result in withdrawal

47
Q

withdrawal

A

symptoms of distress, irritability, & restlessness associated with reduction or discontinuation of taking drug

48
Q

depressant

A

depress the arousal of CNS

49
Q

glutamate

A

one of primary excitatory neurotransmitters
-alcohol inhibits effectiveness of glutamate, especially in hippocampus (learning & memory)

50
Q

GABA

A

main neurotransmitter involved in relaxed states
-alcohol increases effectiveness

51
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter implicated in reward states in the brain
-alcohol increases dopaminergic system
-many drugs are reinforcing due to their production of dopamine

52
Q

barbituates

A

group of drugs that cause sedation & induce sleep
-usually prescribed for anxiety disorders
-increases GABA

53
Q

stimulant

A

drugs that increase activity of nervous system
-caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

54
Q

adenosine

A

neurotransmitter that creates inhibitory effects in the brain

55
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that creates excitatory effect in the brain
-stimulated by nicotine

56
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter implicated in mood & organization of sensory info

57
Q

LSD

A

hallucinogenic drug
-causes vivid sensory hallucinations
-acts as agonist for serotonin (in thalamus)

58
Q

thalamus

A

clusters of the neurons in the thalamus are responsible for routing sensory info to the cortex
-located in center of the brain
-arranged as a series of nuclei that receive specific sensory info that is sent to another part of the brain

59
Q

alcohol

A

depressant drug
-inhibits glutamate
-increases GABA & dopamine

60
Q

caffeine

A

stimulant drug
-blocks adenosine

61
Q

nicotine

A

stimulant drug
-stimulates/imitates acetylcholine
-increases dopamine

62
Q

cocaine

A

stimulant drug
-prevents reuptake of dopamine

63
Q

amphetamine

A

stimulant drug
-inhibits reuptake
-stimulates release of dopamine

64
Q

Cannabis

A

hallucinogenic drug
-increases anandamide (improves mood)
-inhibits norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, & GABA

65
Q

learning

A

change in behavior due to experience

66
Q

operant / instrumental conditioning

A

consequences of behavior affect future behavior

67
Q

social / vicarious learning

A

learning by observing others

68
Q

latent learning

A

learn something but is not demonstrated until there is a reason to use knowledge
-can be social, operant, or Pavlovian

69
Q

Pavlovian / classical conditioning

A

type of learning in which seemingly insignificant event signals an important event
-conditional stimulus provides info about presence or absence of unconditional stimulus
-associates 2 events that occur together

70
Q

unconditional stimulus

A

stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning in which one does not need to learn how to respond

71
Q

unconditional response

A

response in Pavlovian conditioning in which one does not need to learn how to respond
-innate reflex

72
Q

conditional stimulus

A

stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning that requires one to learn how to respond
-presented with unconditional stimulus

73
Q

conditional response

A

a learned response due to conditioned stimulus in preparation for unconditioned stimulus

74
Q

neutral stimulus

A

type of stimulus that does not indicate whether unconditional stimulus will occur

75
Q

excitatory conditioning

A

Pavlovian conditioning in which there is a positive correlation between conditional & unconditional stimulus

76
Q

short-delayed conditioning

A

excitatory conditioning in which conditional stimulus (unimportant event) is presented a few seconds before unconditional stimulus (important event)
-hear thunderclap shortly after seeing lightning

77
Q

long-delayed conditioning

A

excitatory conditioning in which unconditional stimulus occurs after conditional stimulus has been there for a while
-hear tornado warning sirens minutes before seeing a tornado

78
Q

trace conditioning

A

excitatory conditioning in which unconditional stimulus occurs minutes or hours after conditional stimulus has stopped
-eat gas station sushi hours before feeling the effects of salmonella

79
Q

inhibitory conditioning

A

Pavlovian conditioning in which there is a negative correlation between conditional & unconditional stimulus
-conditional response is suppressed

80
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

conditional & unconditional stimulus overlap completely

81
Q

backward conditioning

A

unconditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before start of conditional stimulus

82
Q

Pavlovian extinction

A

conditional stimulus is presented alone & conditional response decreases

83
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

conditional stimulus presented alone after a rest period will elicit a conditional response

84
Q

stimulus generalization

A

an effect in which a subject notices similarities between objects & responds to them as if they were the same

85
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

an effect in which a subject notices differences between objects & responds to them as if they were different

86
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

an already-conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus (currently meaningless event)

87
Q

instrumental learning

A

process of interacting with some response option that has an effect on the environment

88
Q

law of effect

A

we learn about situations & behavior that lead to something we like & do not learn to associate situations & behavior that lead to something we do not like

89
Q

consequence

A

stimuli in which outcomes produced by behavior affect future behavior

90
Q

satisfaction / stamping in

A

learn to repeat behaviors that lead to something we like

91
Q

discomfort / stamping out

A

do not repeat behaviors that lead to something we do not like

92
Q

antecedent

A

anything in the physical environment that can be detected & tell us something about the consequences of actions

93
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavior produces a consequence & that behavior will continue in the future

94
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behavior removes a consequence making behavior more likely in the future

95
Q

positive punishment

A

behavior produces a consequence & response will not continue in the future

96
Q

negative punishment

A

behavior removes a consequence that makes response less likely in the future

97
Q

escape

A

aversive stimulus is present & response removes or stops unpleasant stimulus

98
Q

avoidance

A

aversive stimulus is not currently present but will occur unless a response is produced to prevent the unpleasant event

99
Q

operant extinction

A

a consequence previously followed behavior but now no longer does, therefore, responding is less likely to occur in the future without that consequence

100
Q

extinction burst

A

behavior that was previously enforced occurs at a higher rate without consequence in the beginning of extinction

101
Q

partial reinforcement extinction effect

A

behavior reinforced only occasionally lasts longer without consequences than behavior reinforced every time when consequences are no longer available

102
Q

shaping

A

selecting & reinforcing more complex responses that look like the response wanted while extinguishing simpler forms of target response

103
Q

reinforcer test

A

determines if consequence selected is a reinforce & increases frequency of behavior

104
Q

primary reinforcer

A

biologically important consequences make behavior more likely

105
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

paired with primary enforcer to make behavior more likely

106
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcers are produced after set number of responses

107
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcers are produced after an average number of responses

108
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcers are produced after a set amount of time & a few responses

109
Q

variable interval schedule

A

reinforcers are produced after average amount of time & a few responses

110
Q

biological preparedness

A

some events serve as better conditional stimuli due to evolution

PSYC111 (3 decks)

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