Ch 12 & 4 Knowledge Check Flashcards
personality
enduring set of internally based characteristics that create uniqueness & consistency in a person’s thoughts & behaviors
Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective
- majority of behavior controlled by unconscious mind
Topographical Theory of the Mind
the way an individual behaves and feels is result of the conscious mind, preconscious mind, & unconscious mind
conscious mind
all mental activities that a person is aware of & able to freely access
preconscious mind
level of consciousness that is not at the forefront of the mind but info can be retrieved and brought to the conscious
unconscious mind
houses thoughts and impulses that could be too inappropriate for the conscious mind
free association
technique psychoanalysts use where they ask clients to freely share anything that comes to mind to understand their unconscious thoughts
manifest content
the actual content of a dream that someone remembers without interpretation
latent content
content of dreams that consists of someone’s true thoughts & feelings contained in their unconscious
id
component of unconscious driven by sexual & impulsive desires
- operates on pleasure principle = fulfilling urges
ego
mediates the id & superego & decides course of action
- operates on reality principle = impulses from the unconscious & expressed in socially acceptable ways
superego
the moral compass of the mind
- regulated by ego ideal & conscious
reality anxiety
anxiety that serves as warning for real danger
moral anxiety
anxiety that notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating moral code
defense mechanisms
averting expressions of id without conscious awareness
repression
defense mechanism where ego removes threatening stimulus from conscious awareness
collective unconscious
according to Jung, unconscious mind is interconnected with experiences of past generations of different people throughout the world
archetypes
all universal knowledge is stored in the collective unconscious by a variety of thought patterns & behavior rituals that persist over time
persona
tendency for people to develop a certain behavior in public to get along with others
shadow
represents dark, primitive side of personality
striving for superiority
Adler proposed at a conscious level, individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve excellence & improvements over past self & acts in ways to benefit social interest
social security
Horney describes a sense of feeling safe & loved in relationships with others
basic anxiety
Horney says those who feel unloved & unsafe develop anxiety
basic hostility
Horney says people feel anger or hostility when in insecure relationships
twin studies
studies on twins that allow researchers to determine the proportion that a characteristic is due to genetics or upbringing
monozygotic / identical twins
twins share 100% of DNA
dizygotic / fraternal twins
twins share about 50% of DNA
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
network of structures in the midbrain that acts as a filter & regulates arousal in the brain
- linked with introversion & extraversion
3-factor theory
theory of personality that consists of evaluating: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, psychoticism/impulse control
5-factor model
o - openness
c - conscientiousness
e - extraversion
a - agreeableness
n - neuroticism
teratogens
environmental substances that negatively impact development during gestation
period of the zygote
conception - 2 weeks
- rapid cell division
blastocyst
fertilized egg embeds into uterine wall
ectopic pregnancy
blastocyst implants into fallopian tube instead of uterine wall
period of the embryo
2-8 weeks gestation
- major organ & body system development
- when teratogens are most harmful
period of the fetus
9 weeks gestation - birth
- growth & refinement
- final period of prenatal development
fetal alcohol syndrome
when consumption of alcohol during pregnancy results in damage to internal organs & altered physical characteristics
thalidomide
drug prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness which ended up being extremely harmful to fetus
zika virus
transmitted through sexual contact
- associated with microcephaly
jean piaget
constructivist theoretical perspective
- observed his children & established stages of cognitive development
assimilation
incorporation of new info into existing cognitive structures
accomodation
creation of new cognitive structures to house new info
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2 years old
- learning that occurs though a child’s sensory interactions with physical environment
object permanence
understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen
preoperational period
2 - 7 years old
- increased ability to use symbols & logical thinking
- animism
- egocentrism
concrete operational period
7 - 11 years old
- increased cognitive ability in reasoning concrete events
scaffolding
idea proposed by lev Vygotsky that offered cognitive support from parent or teacher helps learner acquire new skill or knowledge
attachment
emotional bond formed with primary caregivers
secure attachment
healthy level of independence & exploration
insecure-resistant attachment
child is very clingy to parent when they try to leave
insecure-avoidant attachment
characterized by child being unaffected by parent returning during reunion
pre-conventional morality
children think of morality in terms of rewards & punishment
conventional morality
child places value on social conventions
post-conventional morality
morality based on abstract principles instead of societal expectations
