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biology > Ch 8 - 10 > Flashcards

Ch 8 - 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What two types of pathways are their and define them?

A

Catabolic (breakdown) - Exergonic, spontaneous, down hill
Anabolic (Build up) - consumes energy to build up complex molecules
endergonic, uphill rxn, not spontaneous

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1
Q

Define metabolic pathways

A

Begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
ex. Molecule (A) undergoes a reaction w/ an enzyme to create molecule (B) which under goes a rxn w/ an enzyme to create molecule (c) etc. until it transforms into the desired molecule.

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2
Q

What is the name of the process of which organisms transform energy?

A

Thermodynamics - the study of the energy transformations tht occur in a collection of matter.

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3
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed .
1st law AKA the principle of conservation of energy

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4
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

• 2nd law: Every energy transfer and transformed increases the entropy(A measure of Disorganization) of the system
Heat:random movement of particles; Disorganization energy
Every time energy has been used it is less organized

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5
Q

how is energy transformations of life are subject to the laws of thermodynamics

A

living things are an opens system, tht react with the environment.
energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.

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6
Q

an example of an open system

A

living things absorb energy - for instance, light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules - and release heat and metabolic waste such as CO2, to the surroundings

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7
Q

ATP powers cellular work: it couples exergonic to endergonic rxn
another way of asking is
How does energy released from catabolism of ATP become coupled to cellular work?

A

> ATP + H2O V
E from catabolism(exergonic)/\ Energy for cellular work endergonic
/\ ADP + P- <

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8
Q

Organisms live at the expense of free energy

A

it is usable energy. energy ready to do work.
free energy is used to do all of the cellular work.[VERY IMPORTANT]
ex. atp is used to change the shape of transport proteins.
also used to move motor proteins.

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9
Q

What is energy and define it

A

Energy is the capacity for work

the ability to do work or produce change

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10
Q

What types of energy are there?

A

Kinetic energy- objects in motion
Potential- not moving
Thermal Energy- is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of particles.

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11
Q

how can energy be transferred or transformed

A

a bear can transfer or transform chemical energy of the organic molecules in its food to kinetic energy and other forms as it carries out biological processess

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12
Q

what happens to energy after each transformation?

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the system

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13
Q

define entropy

A

a measure of of disorder or randopmness

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14
Q

define free energy

A

is the portion of a systems energy tht can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system .

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15
Q

define endergonic rxn

A

anabolic , building up
requires an input of free energy
uphill rxn
not spontaneous

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16
Q

define exergonic

A

catabolic - breaking down
spontaneous
downhill
release of free energy

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17
Q

define enzyme

A

a protein catalyst

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18
Q

define catalyst

A

a chemical agent tht speeds up a rxn without being consumed by the rxn

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19
Q

define activation energy

A

The amount of energy needed to push the reactants to the top of the energy barrier

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20
Q

define active site

A

is a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs

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21
Q

define inhibitors

A

certain chemicals inhibit the action of specific enzymes

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22
Q

define competitive inhibitor

A

reduces the productivity of the enzyme by blocking substrates from entering active sites

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23
Q

define noncompetitive inhibitor

A

do not directly compete w/ the substrate to bind to the active site. they bind else where and change the shape of the enzyme

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24
Q

define ATP

A

the bodies currency

Adenosine Triphosphate

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25
Q

define induced fit

A

brings chemical grps of the active site into positions tht enhance thesi ability to catalyze the chemical rxn

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26
Q

define open system?

A

an interaction with its environment

27
Q

Define reduction and oxidation

A

Reduction (Oxidizing agent) - Reduces overal charge , gains e-
Oxidation (reducing agent) - increases overal charge by lossing e-

28
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

is a catabolic pathway / oxygen is consumed as a reactant along w/ organic fuel

29
Q

define NAD+

A

A coenzyme tht accepts a H+ and can cycle easily between oxidation

30
Q

define substrate lvl phosphorylation

A

A smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle(Krebs cycle).

31
Q 
Aerobic Respiration Review    ATP   NADH      FADH2
Glycolysis
Transition / Bridge rxn 
Krebs cycle
Total ATP produce
A

ATP NADH FADH2
Glycolysis 2 2 0
Transition / bridge rxn 0 2. 0
Krebs cycle 2 6 2
Total ATP produce in aerobic respiration is 30 -32

32
Q

Aerobic respiation
Each NADH passed down the ETC yields a maximum of ______ ATP
Each FADH2 passed down from ETC yields approximately ______ ATP
In fermentation, NADH produced in glycolysis yield approx. ______ ATP
Most ATP porduced in aerobic respiration is generated by?

A

2.5
1.5
0
Oxidative Phosphorylation

33
Q

define gylcolysis where and what does it break down into

A

occurs in the cytosol.
breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvates
produces 2ATP and 2NADH but no (0) FADH2

34
Q

Transition / bridge rxn (oxidation of pyruvate)

A

requires O2
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Turns 2 pyruvate —–> 2 Aceytl CoA + CO2
Produced NO ATP , NADH or FADH2

35
Q

Define krebs cycle

A 
Requires O2 
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
8 Enz-catalyzed steps
2 Acetyl Coa ----> 4CO2 (completes oxidation of glycose)
Produces   2ATP 6NADH 2FADH2
36
Q

define Electron transport chain

A 
it accepts e- (most often from NADH) from the breakdown products of the first 2 stages and passes e- from one molecule to another
9 members, - 8proteins and 1 ubiquinone
Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
O2 is final Electron Acceptor
6H2O are formed
37
Q

Define Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
High energy e-
ETC (REDOX RXN EXERGONIC)

38
Q

define Chemiosmosis

A

Free energy released by electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space
and is used to drive cellular work such as synthesis of ATP

39
Q

define proton-motive force

A

Proton gradients created by ETC is a force

Protons come back through

40
Q

define Cytochromes

A

most of the remaining carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen are called cytochromes

41
Q

Define Fermentaion

A 
used wen O2 is not available
Glucose --> 2pyruvate
2NADH + 2ATP
The purpose of Fermentation is to oxdize NADH ---> NAD+ (NAD+ needed for glycolosis)
Net transfer is 2.1%
42
Q

define anaerobic respiration

A

anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

43
Q

define alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps

44
Q

define lactic acid fermemtation

A

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product w/ no release of CO2

45
Q 
Glycolysis in detail 
where does it occur
whats the products
how many steps
what are the costs
A

•Glycolysis , occurs in the cytoplasm
6CH12O2 —-> 2 pyruvate
Energy investment phase Costs 2 ATP (5 enz-catalyzed steps)[Phosphofructosekinase]
§ Glucose—> 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Energy Yielding / payoff phase [ gain 4 ATP + 2NADH Net: 2ATP and 2NADH[Substrate lvl phosphorylation
§ (5 Enz-catalyzed steps)
§ 2G3P —-> 2 Pyruvate

46
Q

why do cells constantly recycle ATP instead of storing enough for a days need?

A

The avg. adult uses about or over 100 lbs of ATP a day. so instead of storing 100 lbs per day we constantly make it

47
Q

If glucose provides the ultimate source of energy for cells, why do they transfer tht energy to other molecules like ADP –> ATP or NAD+ –> NADH?

A

Because ATP is the right amount of energy to do work in our body
aka energy currency of the cell

48
Q

Compare Substrate lvl phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation?
which requires enzymes?
What are the oxidizing agents?
Where do these processes occur

A

Glycolysis (substrate lvl phosphorylation) requires enzymes occurs: cytoplasm
Krebs cycle (substrate lvl phosphorylation) occurs: matrix of Mitochondria
Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs: inner membrane mitochondria

49
Q

Explain the phrase: In respiration, electrons fall “downhill” from organic molecules to oxygen.

A

in cellular respiration the rxn occurs in stages: an ETC breaks the “fall” of e- in this rxn into a series of smaller steps and stores some of the released energy in a form tht can b used to make ATP.

50
Q

how does Chemiosmosis relate to osmosis?
What diffuses?Where?
How is chemiosmosis relateed to proton motive force?

A

Free energy released (by electron transfer in the electron transport chain) causes proteins to pump H+ from mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space (Proton motor force is used to pump the H+)
○ Proton gradients created by ETC is a force
○ Protons come back through
H+ then moves back across the membrane , passing through the protein complex

51
Q

describe how ATP and ADP act as allosteric regulators of respiration?

A

When to an excess of ATP exist at a point and time the enzyme phosphofrutokinase slows done the process of creating more ATP(by citrate attaching to the enzyme). but wen the output of ATP decreases from the amount being produced the enzyme again turns back on to produce a sufficient amount of ATP.

52
Q

Which process is older Fermentation or respiration? what evidence do we have?

A

Fermentation is older bcuz O2 wasnt available until 2.5 billion yrs ago

53
Q

what is the Pasteur affect? explain

A

He observed tht yeast consumed sugar at a much faster rate under anaerobic conditions than when O2 was available
They hav to ingest sugar at a much faster rate so they can consitently make ATP bcuz fermentation is a much less effeicent way of cresating ATP 2.1% compared to cellular respiration which is 34%

54
Q

What is the Molecular formula of Photosynthesis?

A

Solar energy (Light) + 6CO2 + 6H2O —–>C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2

55
Q

What is the molecular formula of cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

56
Q

what are the differences between photosynthesis and respiration?>?

A

Photosynthesis is a reactant in the process to create glucose where as ATP is a product in respiration

57
Q

Statement (no Question): photosynthesis traps solar energy and uses tht energy in the synthesis of sugar. In eukaryotic plants this 2 step process occurs in the chloroplast. The first step, known as the light rxn, occurs in thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast. Here, chlorophyll a and accessory pigments absorb photons of light which excite an electon into a higher energy orbital. this initial capture of light energy fuels the synthesis of ATP (through chemiosmosis) and powers the reduction of NADP+ –> NADPH + ATP NADPH power the synthesis of a sugar in the stroma of the chloroplast. this process Calvin cycle

A

NO ANSWER JUST STATMENT

58
Q

What are the three steps to the calvin cycle?

A

1) the fixation of carbon (from CO2, powered by ATP)
2) reduction of the 3 carbon intermediate into a 3 carbon sugar (powered by NADPH)
3) regeneration (powered by ATP)

59
Q

Define Autotrophs

A

Self feeders

60
Q

Define heterotrophs

A

Other feeding

61
Q

Define chloropyll

A

the green pigment tht gives leaves their color

62
Q

Define light rxn

A

The photo part of photosynthesis
step of photosynthesis tht convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Water is split providing a source of e- and H+ and giving O2 as a by product

63
Q

Define Photons

A

light behaves as though it consists of discrete particles

64
Q

define absorption spectrum

A

a graph plotting a pigments light absorption vs wavelength

65
Q

define photosystem

A

there are 2 types of photosystems PSII and PSI (thts the order in which they were found)

biology (13 decks)

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