Ch. 7 The Workforce

Question 1

Types of Workers

Answer 1

• Supervisory Personnel
• Professionals (entry-level to specialist)
• Skilled Workers
• Unskilled Workers

Question 2

Individuals who have extensive formal education in a field and have acquired the knowledge and skills to make independent judgments and to function in that field with minimum supervision
- prefer participative, rather than autocratic, management

Answer 2

Professionals

Question 3

A beginning position in a profession

Answer 3

Entry-level

Question 4

Process of acquiring in-depth knowledge and skills in a narrow area of a profession

Answer 4

Specialization

Question 5

Individuals with the authority to oversee and direct the work of subordinates as well as having responsibility for their own work
- Often professionals overseeing shifts or tasks. Need training and information to support position

Answer 5

Supervisors

Question 6

Individuals who have special training or skills to perform a specific job
- requires >30 days to learn, requires judgement beyond unskilled level
- generally do not need to be micromanaged, but benefit from supervisor support
- cook, secretary, equipment repair, etc.

Answer 6

Skilled Workers

Question 7

The act of providing intensive supervision by constantly checking and verifying progress

Answer 7

Micromanagement

Question 8

Workers who bring no marketable skills to the job and are trained in the workplace to perform the required tasks
- Job tasks can be learned in the work setting in thirty days or less
- may resist participative management and prefer the autocratic management style
- foodservice workers, dishwashers, cashiers, etc.

Answer 8

Unskilled Workers

Question 9

Employment Status (Major Classifications)

Answer 9

• Full time
• Part time
• Short hour
• Casual
  (Terms vary from organization to organization and within different geographic regions)

Question 10

Worker who is designated to work a certain number of hours each week which is considered by the employer as “full time”
- Typically, 40 hours each week (could be 37.5 hours)
- Typically, five 8-hour days (could be four 10-hour days)

Answer 10

Full-time Worker

Question 11

Worker who works a predetermined number of hours each week (less than what the employer considers to be “full time”)
- 20-37 hours per week?
- May work more than the predetermined number of hours, but are only guaranteed that number of hours each week

Answer 11

Part-time Worker

Question 12

Worker who works a predetermined number of hours each week, but that number is less than half time (20 hours per week)
- May work more than the predetermined number of hours, but are only guaranteed that number of hours each week
- Usually not entitled to benefits (health insurance, retirement programs)

Answer 12

Short-hour Worker

Question 13

A worker who is not guaranteed a set number of hours per week is scheduled to work as needed
- Do not receive benefits
- Gain experience in their positions so that they become eligible for short-hour, part-time, or full-time positions as openings occur
- Per diem, Supplemental, etc

Answer 13

Casual Workers

Question 14

Two employees share one full-time position
- Increased talents, skills, ideas
- Decreased communication, productivity, continuity. Benefits expense for employer.

Answer 14

Job-sharing

Question 15

A newly-hired employee who has not yet demonstrated they can perform the job
- Given a set period of time (typically 60 or 90 days) to learn the job

Answer 15

Probationary Employee

Question 16

Employees who know their work positions are not permanent
- Temporary and contact employees

Answer 16

Contingent Workers

Question 17

Employees hired for a finite period of time
- e.g. to cover a leave of absence or when there is a transient need for more employees

Answer 17

Temporary Workers

Question 18

A worker who is hired to complete a project

Answer 18

Contract Employee

Question 19

Workers who expect to continue working in a job as long as their performance is adequate

Answer 19

Career Employee

Question 20

An employee who is paid a set rate for each hour worked
- at least the minimum wage set by the government

Answer 20

Hourly (non-exempt) worker

Question 21

An employee who is paid for doing a job, no matter how many hours they work
- typically higher wages than hourly employees
- not entitled to differential wages
- may be entitled to compensatory time off if they work overtime
- sometimes are “on-call” which requires that they be available during unscheduled hours if they are needed
- subject to burnout and attrition

Answer 21

Salaried (exempt) worker

Question 22

The hourly rate of pay for workers who are paid by the hour

Answer 22

Base Rate

Question 23

Changes to the base rate of pay which can be made for a variety of reasons:
- working overtime
- working on holidays
- performing exceptionally difficult work
- working in a different job classification
- additional payment made to employees who do not receive benefits

Answer 23

Differential Wages

Question 24

A physical consequence of stress in the workplace that can result from working long hours, or being tired, dissatisfied, or angry with the work or work setting

Answer 24

Burnout

Question 25

Loss of employees who voluntarily choose to leave their jobs

Answer 25

Attrition

Question 26

Term used to describe the number of full-time positions worked by all employees, including full-time, part-time, short-hour, and casual
- usually equal to 40 hrs/wk or 2,080 hrs/yr
- be able to calculate for exam!

Answer 26

Full-Time Equivalent (FTE)

Question 27

Ethnic, racial, gender, age, and other differences among workers

Answer 27

Diversity

Question 28

Organization that has a workforce made up of many different cultural groups (demonstrates compliance)

Answer 28

culturally diverse organization

Question 29

Organization that values, encourages, and affirms diverse cultural modes, in which each viewpoint is valid and different cultures contribute to the decision making (demonstrates commitment)

Answer 29

multicultural organization

Question 30

Examples of changing demographics

Answer 30

Gender - # of women in the workforce is increasing
Age - older individuals are working longer
Age - Gen Z (digital natives) are entering the workforce
Culture - # of immigrants and non-whites in the workforce is growing

Question 31

Federal law that enables people with different physical abilities to enter the mainstream
- Mandates that accommodation be made for these employees
- Enforced by U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Answer 31

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Question 32

U.S. federal law that prohibits discrimination against certain groups, such as women or minorities, in the workforce

Answer 32

Equal Opportunity

Question 33

U.S. federal law that requires giving hiring preference to previously disenfranchised workers

Answer 33

Affirmative Action

Question 34

Benefits of Diversity

Answer 34

Larger worker pool with diverse experiences
Increases diversity of customers
Creates beneficial environment for workers
Increased ability to satisfy diverse customers

Question 35

Drawbacks of Diversity

Answer 35

Xenophobia: dislike/prejudice against people from other countries
Sabotage by some employees
Loss of employees