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Chemistry 1a > Ch 7 - The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom > Flashcards

Ch 7 - The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantum World

A

the absolutely small world of electrons behave differently tan out world(macroscopic) we behave in.

Things can be in two states at one time while unobserved.

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2
Q

Schrodingers Cat

A

1935 thought experiment designed to show how the ability for electrons to exists in two states does not transfer to the macroscopic world.

A cat can not be dead and undead at the same time. It is one or the other.

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3
Q

Quantum-Mechanical Model

A

a model that explains the strange behavior of electrons.

basis for certain chemical and physical properties of elements.

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4
Q

Wave-Particle Duality

A

light and electrons have certain properties that can either be thought of as a wave(rise and fall) or as a particle depending on the property.

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5
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Light is this.

A type of energy embodied in oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

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6
Q

Magnetic Field

A

a region of space where a magnetic particle experiences a force(think the space around a magnet)

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7
Q

Electric Field

A

a region of space where an electrically charged particle experience a force.

Example: a proton has an electric field around it.

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8
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation(detailed)

A

3.00 * 10^8 m/s(186,000mi/s)

Wave composed of oscillating, mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields propagating through space.

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9
Q

Amplitude

A

Wave characteristic.

the vertical height of a crest or depth of a trough.

Determines intensity or brightness.

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10
Q

Wavelength(weird A symbol)

A

the distance between adjacent crests(or any two analogous points) measured in units such as meters, micrometers, or nanometers.

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11
Q

Wavelength and Amplitude

A

related to the quantity of energy carried by a wave.

Can vary independently of each other.

Shorter lengths and higher wavers = more energy

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12
Q

Frequency(v)

A

the number of cycles(wave crests) that pass through a stationary point in a given period of time.

cycles/second(cycle/s or s^-1)

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13
Q

Hertz(Hz)

A

equivalent unit of frequency.

1 cycle/s

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14
Q

Frequency Formula

A

v = c/A(weird a symbol)

v = frequence
c = speed of light
A(weird A symbol) = wavelength

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15
Q

Visible Light

A

light that can be seen by the human eye.

wavelength determines color

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16
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

spectrum including all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.

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17
Q

Gamma Ray(weird Y symbol)

A

has the shortest wavelength and a very high energy level.

Produced by the sun, stars, and certain unstable atomic nuclei on Earth.

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18
Q

X-rays

A

2nd highest energy. Short wavelength. Pass through many substances that block visible light. great for mapping internal organs, bones, etc.

Can be harmful if exposed too often.

19
Q

Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation

A

Longer wavelength than X-Rays. Produced most commonly by the sun. Can be harmful if overexposed(skin damage, cataracts)

20
Q

Visible Light

A

ranging from violet(shorter wavelength, higher energy) to red(longer wavelength, lower energy).

21
Q

Infrared(IR) Radiation

A

Longer wavelengths than visible light. Invisible to our eyes. Can be felt as heat. Used for nightvision technology.

22
Q

Microwaves

A

Radar and microwave ovens. Longer wavelengths.

23
Q

Radio Waves

A

Longest wavelengths. AM and FM radio, cell phones, tv, etc.

24
Q

Interference

A

interaction between waves that either cancel or build each other up

25
Q

Constructive Interference

A

“in phase”

waves that align with overlapping crest and creates a wave with twice the amplitude.

26
Q

Destructive interference

A

“out of phase”

Waves that align so the crest from one wave overlaps with the trough of the other wave(opposites) and thus cancel each other

27
Q

Diffraction

A

when a wave goes through an open slit it bends the wave.

Creates interference patterns(some spots where constructive and destructive interference happen)

28
Q

Interference pattern

A

alternating pattern of constructive and destructive interference.

Often from diffraction.

29
Q

Photoelectric Effect

A

the observation that many metals emit electrons when light shines upon them.

Showed the classical model did not explain how metals interact with light adequately.

Showed there were threshold frequencies and simply increasing the intensity of a light id not translate to the release of electrons

30
Q

Einstein and the photoelectric effect

A

Proposed light energy must come in packets.

E = hv

E = energy
h = Plancks constant(6.626*10^-34 J*S)
v = frequency
31
Q

Photon or Quantum

A

a packet of light

E = hv 
Energy = (plancks constant)(frequency)

or
because frequency = speed of light/wavelength

E = hc/wavelength(weird A symbol)

h = plancks constant
c = 3.80*10^8m/s
wavelength = typically given
32
Q

Threshold Frequency Condition

A

based on Einsteins work:

the ability to dislodge electrons from a metal is based on whether or not a single photon has sufficient energy(hv) to dislodge a single electron.

hv = o with line through it(sounds like “fi”

if hv is = or greater than fi then it can dislodge an electron

33
Q

kinetic energy and dislodging electrons

A

KE = hv - fi(the o with a line through it)

upon reaching the threshold frequency any extra energy in the photon is transferred to the electron as kinetic energy.

34
Q

Wave Particle Duality of Light

A

sometimes light behaves like a particle and sometimes it haves like a wave.

35
Q

Atomic Spectroscopy

A

the study of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms

36
Q

Emission Spectrum

A

always the same for a particular element.

the seperation of light of a single element by sending it through a glass tube by passing it through a prism.

37
Q

de Broglie ralation

A

wavelength(weird A) = h/mv

A = plancks constant/(mass)(velocity)

h = 6.626*10^-34

38
Q

Complementary Properties

A

exclude each other.

Observing the wave nature of the electron excludes the particle nature and vice versa.

the act of observation forces one property to exists while the other is excluded.

39
Q

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

A

(deltaX)(mdeltaV) greater than or equal to (h/4pie)

deltaX = uncertainty of position
deltaV = uncertainty of velocity
m = mass of particle
h - plancks constant(6.626*10^-34)

**the more accurately you know the position of an electron the less accurately you know the velocity and vice versa

40
Q

deterministic

A

the present determines the future.

Part of classic physics that the quantum mechanical model disrupts.

41
Q

Indeterminancy

A

the present does not determine the future. only a statistical representation of the event will give a likely outcome but no guarantee.

42
Q

Probability Distribution Map

A

a statistical map that shows where an electron is likely to be found under a given set of conditions.

43
Q

Orbital

A

a probability distribution map showing where the electron is likely to be found around the nucleus.

44
Q

Wave function

A

a mathematical function that describes the wavelike nature of the electron

Chemistry 1a (15 decks)

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