Ch. 7 Student Development and the Learning Process: Theorists and Theories Flashcards
Benjamin Bloom
What is the name of his theory and the names of the three domains of that theory?
Theory: Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning domains.
Domains:
1. Cognitive domain (knowledge)
2. Performance or psychomotor domain (skills)
3. affective domain (attitude)
Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning domains:
1. Cognitive domain (knowledge)
What does it involve and what are the 6 levels of the domain? What do each of the levels involve?
Cognitive domain (knowledge): involves the mind and skills or strategies one uses, and is organized into six levels rom lowest to highest order:
- Knowledge: to recall information or data.
- Comprehension: to understand meaning of instruction and problems.
- Application: to use a concept in a new situation.
- Analysis: to separate concepts into parts.
- Synthesis: to build a pattern from diverse elements.
- Evaluation: to make judgments.
Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning domains:
2. Performance or psychomotor domain (skills)
What does it involve and what are the 7 levels of the domain? What do each of the levels involve?
Performance or psychomotor domain (skills): involves manual or physical skills one uses, which are divided into 7 subdivisions:
- Perception: to use senses to guide motor activity.
- Set: to be ready to act.
- Guided responses: to use trial and error, imitation to learn.
- Mechanism: To respond in a habitual way with movements performed with some confidence and proficiency.
- Complex overt responses: To perform complex movement patterns skillfully.
- Adaption: to use well-developed skills and be able to modify to fit special requirements
- Origination: to create new movement patterns to fit a specific problem or situation.
Bloom’s Taxonomy of learning domains:
3. Affective domain (attitude)
What does it involve and what are the 5 subdivisions of the domain? What do each of the subdivisions involve?
Affective domain (attitude)
- Receiving phenomena: to be aware, to have selected attention.
- Responding to phenomena: To actively participate.
- Valuing: To determine worth.
- Organization: To organize values into priorities.
- Internalizing values: To control behavior using own value system.
Albert Bandura
What is the name of his Theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Social (or observational) learning theory
Children learn by observing others. In a classroom setting, this may occur through modeling or learning vicariously through others’ experiences.
Distributed cognition: a person is able to learn more with another or in a group than he or she might be able to do alone.
Jerome Bruner
What is the name of his Theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Discovery learning and scaffolding
He thought learning was an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on knowledge or past experiences.
Teach techniques feature methods to allow students to discover information by themselves or in a group.
Scaffolding: information provided to a student by an adult or more capable peer. The student repeats the process.
John Dewey
What is he considered the father of?
What is the name of his Theory and what does it involve?
Theory Learning through experience
Dewey is considered the father of progressive education practice -which promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences.
He believed schools should teach children to be problem solvers by helping them learn to think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson.
Erik Erikson
What is the name of his Theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Eight stages of human development
The eight stages of human development are based on a crisis or conflict that a person resolves.
The eight stages of human development
What are the stages and age ranges of each stage?
- Infancy 0-1
- toddler 1-2
- early childhood 2-6
- elementary and middle school 6-12
- adolescence 12-18
- young adulthood 18-40
- middle adulthood 40-65
- late adulthood 65-death
The eight stages of human development
What are the conflicts or crises involved with each stage of development? What are the key events?
- Infancy 0-1
crisis: Trust vs. mistrust
key event: feeding - toddler 1-2
crisis: autonomy vs. doubt
key event: toilet training - early childhood 2-6
crisis: initiative vs. guilt
key event: independence - elementary and middle school 6-12
crisis: competence vs. inferiority
key event: school - adolescence 12-18
crisis: identity vs. role confusion
key event: sense of identity - young adulthood 18-40
crisis: intimacy vs. isolation
key event: intimate relationships - middle adulthood 40-65
crisis: generativity vs. stagnation
key event: supporting the next generation - late adulthood 65-death
crisis: integrity vs. despair
key event: reflection and acceptance
Carol Gilligan
What is her Theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Stages of the ethic of care
Gilligan’s work questions the male-centered personality psychology of Freud and Erikson, as well as Kohlberg’s male-centered stages of moral development. She proposed the stage theory of the moral development of women.
Lawrence Kohlberg
What is his theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Theory of moral development
Three stages: 1. Pre-conventional (birth to 9) stage 1: Obedience and punishment stage 2: individualism, instrumentalism, and exchange. 2. Conventional (9-20) stage 3: "Good boy/good girl" stage 4: Law and order 3. Post-conventional (20+ or maybe never) stage 5: Social contract stage 6: Principled conscience
Abraham Maslow
What is his theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Hierarchy of needs
certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met.
Hierarchy of needs
what are the hierarchy of needs and what do they involve?
- physiological needs: air, water, food, sleep, and sex.
- safety needs: help us establish stability and consistency in a chaotic world. Secure home and family. Motivate people to be religious.
- Love and belongingness needs: when people need to belong o groups: churches, schools, clubs, gangs, etc.
- Esteem needs: self-esteem results from competence or the mastery of a task and the ensuing attention and recognition received from others.
- self-actualization: they seek knowledge, peace, oneness with a higher power, self-fulfillment, etc.
Maria Montessori
What is her theory and what does it involve?
Theory: Follow the child
Montessori was an Italian physician whose philosophy and teaching practice still affect many early-childhood programs and charter schools today. She believed that childhood is divided into 4 stages:
- birth-6
- 6-12
- 12-18
- 18-24
adolescence into 2 levels:
- 12-15
- 16-18
She believed there are 3 stages of the learning process:
- introduce a concept by lecture, lesson, experience, book read-aloud, etc.
- process the info. and develop understanding through work, experimentation, and creativity.
- “Knowing,” possessing an understanding of something that is demonstrated by a test, teaching concept to another, or expressing understanding with ease.
