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Physical Geography > Ch 7. Minerals and Rocks > Flashcards

Ch 7. Minerals and Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mineral ?

A

Mineral is an inorganic element naturally occuring with an ordered atomic structure, definite chemical composition and physical properties

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2
Q

What is the study of minerals called ?

A

Mineralogy

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3
Q

What are six major mineral groups ?

A

Feldspar, Quartz, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Mica and Olivine

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4
Q

What are some examples of organic minerals ?

A

Natural gas, petroleum and coal

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5
Q

What are the major elements of the Earth’s crust by weight ?

A

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium and Magnesium (in decreasing order)

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6
Q

What is a cleavage in minerals?

A

The tendency of a mineral to break in specific directions to create relatively flat surfaces

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7
Q

What is a fracture in minerals ?

A

The crystal can split in an irregular way, not along cleavage planes

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8
Q

What is lustre in minerals ?

A

Appearance of a material regardless of color ex: metallic, silky, glossy, etc

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9
Q

What is a streak in minerals ?

A

The color of a mineral’s powder

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10
Q

What is a sclerometer ?

A

It measures the absolute hardness of minerals.

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11
Q

Which ten minerals are used to measure the degree of hardness ?

A

Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Fledspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum and Diamond

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12
Q

Which major elements are found in Feldspar ?

A

Silicon and Oxygen

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13
Q

What are the common uses of Feldspar ?

A

Glass making and Ceramics

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14
Q

What are the major elements of Olivine ?

A

Magnesium, Iron and Silica (MIS)

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15
Q

What is the major source of Olivine

A

Mafic Igneous rock

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16
Q

What is the common use of Olivine ?

A

Most commonly used in jewellery

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17
Q

Quartz is mainly found in ?

A

Granite and Sand

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18
Q

What is the major element of Quartz ?

A

Silica

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19
Q

What are the main uses of Quartz ?

A

Mainly used in the manufacturing of radio, radar, etc

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20
Q

Which elements are found in Pyroxene ?

A

Aluminium, Calcium, Magnesium, Silicon and Iron (MACIS)

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21
Q

Which mineral is commonly found in meteorites ?

A

Pyroxene

22
Q

Which major elements are found in Amphibole ?

A

Magnesium, Aluminium, Calcium, Iron and Silicon (MACIS)

23
Q

What is the common use of Amphibole ?

A

Commonly used in the Asbestos industries

24
Q

What is Hornblende ?

A

Another form of Amphiboles

25
Q

Which elements constitute Mica ?

A

Magnesium, Aluminium, Potassium, Iron and Silicon

26
Q

Mica is widely used in ?

A

Electronic instruments

27
Q

What are different types of minerals ?

A

Metallic minerals - Ferrous, Non ferrous, Precious
Non metallic minerals
Energy minerals

28
Q

What is a rock ?

A

A rock is an aggregate or physical mixture of many minerals

29
Q

Name the common minerals that are found in many rocks

A

Quartz and Feldspar

30
Q

What is Petrology ?

A

Study of rocks

31
Q

What are the different types of rocks based on the mode of formation ?

A

Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic rocks

32
Q

How are Igneous rocks formed ?

A

The cooling of extremely fluid and hot liquid magma forms Igneous rocks

33
Q

What type of rocks are also called as Primary rocks ?

A

Igneous rocks

34
Q

What are Intrusive Igneous rocks ?

A

These are formed when magma cools and solidifies below the earth’s surface

35
Q

What are Plutonic rocks ?

A

Deep seated intrusive igneous rocks are called Plutonic rocks

36
Q

What are Hypabyssal rocks ? Give some examples

A

Shallow depth intrusive igneous rocks are called Hypabyssal rocks. Ex: Granite, Dolerite

37
Q

What are Extrusive Igneous rocks ? Give two examples

A

These are formed on the earth’s surface by the cooling of the lava. Ex: Bassalt, Gabbro

38
Q

What type of rocks are called as Volcanic rocks ?

A

Extrusive igneous rocks

39
Q

What is Lithification ?

A

The process of successive deposition and formation of sedimentary rocks

40
Q

Which rocks are called as Stratified rocks ?

A

Sedimentary rocks

41
Q

What are the different types of sedimentary rocks (based on mode of formation) ?

A
  1. Mechanically formed / Classic sedimentary rocks
  2. Organically / Biologically formed sedimentary rocks
  3. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks
42
Q

Give few examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks

A

Conglomerate, Braccia, Sandstone and Shale

43
Q

Name few organically formed sedimentary rocks

A

Coal, limestone, chalk and chert

44
Q

Mention few chemically formed sedimentary rocks

A

Halite, Potash and Limestone

45
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed ?

A

They are formed under the action of temperature, volume changes and pressure on original form of rocks. It is the process of recrystallization and reorganisation of materials within the original rocks

46
Q

What is Dynamic metamorphism ?

A

When metamorphism occurs without any major chemical alterations, it is referred to as dynamic metamorphism

47
Q

What is Thermal metamorphism ?

A

If the impact of heat induces metamorphism, it is referred to as Thermal metamorphism

48
Q

What is Contact metamorphism ?

A

If the reorganisation of a rock happens when it comes in direct contact with the hot magma, it is called as contact metamorphism

49
Q

What is Regional metamorphism ?

A

If the rocks are metamorphosed due to tremendous heat or pressure and formed due to tectonic shearing, it is called as regional metamorphism

50
Q

What are Foliated and Non-Foliated metamorphic rocks ?

A

On the basis of presence or absence of bands of mineral grains metamorphic rocks can be classified into Foliated and Non-Foliated metamorphic rocks

51
Q

Give some examples of Foliated and Non-Foliated metamorphic rocks ?

A

Foliated - Gneiss, Slate, Schist
Non-Foliated - Marble, Quarzite

52
Q

What is a Rock Cycle ?

A

Rocks do not remain in their original form for a long time, but can undergo transformation. This continuous process by which old rocks are turned into new ones is called Rock Cycle

Physical Geography (14 decks)

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