Ch. 7: LTM - ENCODING, RETRIEVAL, & CONSOLIDATION

Question 1

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 1

repetition of stimuli that maintains info in STM

Question 2

Retrieval

Answer 2

transferring info from LTM to working memory

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

processing of acquiring info and transferring into LTM

Question 4

self-reference effect

Answer 4

memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self

Question 5

paired-association learning

Answer 5

learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented & the task is to recall the other word

Question 6

generation effect

Answer 6

memory for material is better when a person generates the material himself or herself, rather than passively it

Question 7

retrieval cue

Answer 7

a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember info stored in memory

Question 8

cued recall

Answer 8

cue is presented to help with recall

Question 9

free recall

Answer 9

procedure for testing memory in which the participants is asked to remember stimuli that were previously present

Question 10

encoding specificity

Answer 10

learn info together with its context. Means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the info

Question 11

state-dependent learning

Answer 11

learning is associated with a particular internal state

-better memory if person’s mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval

Question 12

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 12

when the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval

• results in Enhanced Memory

Question 13

consolidation

Answer 13

transform new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

Question 14

synaptic consolidation

Answer 14

involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of mins

• involves gradual reorganization of circuits in brain (overtime)

Question 15

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 15

enhanced firing neurons after repeated stimulation

• structural changes & enhanced responding
• ex: taxi driver & hippocampus

Question 16

retrograde amnesia (RA)

Answer 16

loss of memory for events prior to the trauma

• RA affects LTM

Question 17

graded amnesia

Answer 17

memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events

Question 18

reactivation

Answer 18

process that occurs during consolidation, which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory

• activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus & the cortex
• the activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas

Question 19

multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 19

hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago

Question 20

reconsolidation

Answer 20

By Nader:

• occurs when a memory is retrieved & so becomes reactivated
• once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning
• repeat of this = RECONSOLIDATION

Question 21

spacing effect

Answer 21

the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

Question 22

level of processing theory

Answer 22

Depth of processing:
Shallow processing (ex. Reading a book and skip words you don’t know)
- Little attention to meaning
- Focus on physical features
- Poor recall

Deep processing: (ex. Short answer, because there’s no cues and you really need to know)

• Close attention to meaning
• Better memory/recall