Ch. 7: LTM - ENCODING, RETRIEVAL, & CONSOLIDATION Flashcards
Maintenance rehearsal
repetition of stimuli that maintains info in STM
Retrieval
transferring info from LTM to working memory
Encoding
processing of acquiring info and transferring into LTM
self-reference effect
memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self
paired-association learning
learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented & the task is to recall the other word
generation effect
memory for material is better when a person generates the material himself or herself, rather than passively it
retrieval cue
a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember info stored in memory
cued recall
cue is presented to help with recall
free recall
procedure for testing memory in which the participants is asked to remember stimuli that were previously present
encoding specificity
learn info together with its context. Means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the info
state-dependent learning
learning is associated with a particular internal state
-better memory if person’s mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval
transfer-appropriate processing
when the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval
- results in Enhanced Memory
consolidation
transform new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
synaptic consolidation
involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of mins
- involves gradual reorganization of circuits in brain (overtime)
long-term potentiation (LTP)
enhanced firing neurons after repeated stimulation
- structural changes & enhanced responding
- ex: taxi driver & hippocampus
retrograde amnesia (RA)
loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
- RA affects LTM
graded amnesia
memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events
reactivation
process that occurs during consolidation, which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory
- activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus & the cortex
- the activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas
multiple trace model of consolidation
hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago
reconsolidation
By Nader:
- occurs when a memory is retrieved & so becomes reactivated
- once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning
- repeat of this = RECONSOLIDATION
spacing effect
the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying
level of processing theory
Depth of processing: Shallow processing (ex. Reading a book and skip words you don’t know) - Little attention to meaning - Focus on physical features - Poor recall
Deep processing: (ex. Short answer, because there’s no cues and you really need to know)
- Close attention to meaning
- Better memory/recall
