Ch. 6: LTM - structure

Question 1

serial position curve

Answer 1

Murdoch study (Distinction between STM and LTM using the serial position curve)
• Memory better for stimuli presented at the beginning
o Primacy effect = more time to rehearse info & more likely to enter LTM
o Recency effect p.156 - memory better for stimuli presented at the end of the list (stimuli still in STM)

Question 2

Recency effect

Answer 2

o memory better for stimuli presented at the end of the list (stimuli still in STM)

Question 3

coding

Answer 3

Wicken experiment

a) subjects were given a fruit group and counted backwards for 15 secs and then asked to repeat the fruits
b) subjects were then given profession groups and asked to count backwards for 15 secs…they had 4 trails for each group

Question 4

recognition memory

Answer 4

ID of a previously encountered stimulus
-	Sachs experiment:
•	Used recognition procedure:
¬	read words 
¬	added more words 
¬	tested their recognition to the 1st list

Question 5

release from proactive inference

Answer 5

situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference

Question 6

hippocampus

Answer 6

A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories & in short-term storage of novel information

Question 7

long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 7

• “archeve” of information about past events and knowledge learned
• works closely with working memory
• storage can stretch from a few moments ago to as far as one can remember

Question 8

implicit memory

Answer 8

(non-declarative) unconscious memory
- Procedural memory - meory already know
- no memory where it was learned
- people who can’t form new LTMs can still learn new skills
- classical conditioning:
¬ paring a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response
¬ over time the neutral stimulus now elicits a conditioned response

Question 9

procedural memory

Answer 9

• highly practiced skills

- cannot explain how they are able to do so

Question 10

explicit memory

Answer 10

(declarative) conscious memory

• episodic
• semantic

Question 11

episodic memory

Answer 11

personal events/episodes (ex. feelings on these events)

Question 12

semantic memory

Answer 12

knowing facts & knowledge (ex. 1st president, dates of specific events)

Question 13

remember/know procedure

Answer 13

1. Remember if a stimulus is familiar & the circumstance under which it was encountered? (more EPISODIC)
2. Know if the stimulus is familiar but don’t remember experiencing it earlier? (more SEMANTIC)
3. Don’t remember the stimulus at all
   * Episodic memories turn to semantic:
   
   • loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events
     
     • “ I don’t remember how I learned this info, I just know that I know it
       (ex. Seeing someone familiar but can’t remember where you saw them)

Question 14

repetition priming

Answer 14

presentation of on stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

Question 15

propaganda effect

Answer 15

more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true (implication for advertisements)