Ch. 7 Linking and Loving Flashcards
What is The Need for Affiliation?
What happens when they’re not met?
It’s our basic need to Seek out and Maintain Relationships.
- a relatively Stable Disposition stemming from a Neurological Basis;
- Differences in strength exist in Attachment styles:
> the way we Form emotional Bonds and Regulate Emotions in close Relationships.
When they’re not met or ignored:
- people can feel like they’ve lost control
- induces feelings of sadness and anger
- social exclusion = increases sensitivity to interpersonal interpretation which results in less cognitive functioning
Why do arousing situations increase our need for affiliation?
they lead us to seek: Cognitive and Emotional Clarity.
> emotional and physical Contact is a source of Comfort:
- it allows us to compare perceptions,
- communicate about what’s going on, and
- aids in our decisions about what to do next.
What two basic principles of affect?
They vary in dimensions, including?
a) Positive affects lead to positive evaluations of others, and
b) negative effects lead to negative evaluations of others
(these effects of affect can occur through either direct or associated effects)
> Valence - intensity
Arousal - being high or low
Direct effects of affect occurs when:
When a person is responsible for arousing an emotion in us.
Associated (indirect) effects of affect occurs when:
When another person is simply associated with an affective state caused by something or someone else.
> it’s a function of classical conditioning
Define Proximity in attraction research and why it’s influential in such research:
Proximity is the physical nearness of two individuals.
- it’s influential to our levels of attraction because of the repeat exposure effect.
> the smaller the proximity the greater the probability that two individuals will come into repeat contact - experiencing repeat exposure - leading to increased familiarity, positive affect, and mutual attraction.
Define physical attractiveness:
The Combination of Characteristics that are Evaluated as beautiful/handsome at the positive extream and unattractive the negative extreme.
Research supporting “love is blind” suggests that…
a. partners see one another as more attractive than observers do, and
b. though they often recognize this difference in appearance, they view it as relatively unimportant.
What is the “what is beautiful is good” effect?
Where might it stem from?
It’s the general view that attractive people possess desirable characteristics to a greater extent than those who are less attractive.
- often accurate due to self-fulfilling effects.
a. an attractiveness stereotype that shapes our interpretations, evaluations, and interactions with them.
b. from our desires to form relationships with attractive people and our tendency to project positive interpersonal traits onto them.
> as a result of this projection - we view people very positively on dimensions having nothing to do with physical attractiveness.
in addition to physical attraction and proximity, what other observable characteristics influence interpersonal attraction?
Weight and physique.
round = easy disposition/personality, lacks discipline firm = healthy, energetic thin = intelllegence, introspective
Explain Zajon’s findings regarding the Repeat Exposer Effect.
He found that frequent contact with a mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimuli results in an increasingly positive evaluation of it.
- we may not be aware of it, but it’s both powerful and general and occurs for people, places, objects, and words.
- the exception: when initial impressions or reactions are negative then repeat exposure and contact can lead to a reduction in attraction.
What are the two methods used to assess what makes someone physically attractive?
Give an explanation for how people come up with their definition of beauty.
1st identify a group and determine common attributes.
2nd using a computer program to form a composite face.
Since our schemas are based on multiple experiences with different images - faces that match a composite face will be rated as more attractive - b/c it’s closer to our schema than any singular face alone.
> this also explains why we each have different definitions of beauty - personal exposure is unique to each of us.
What is the Similarity Hypothesis:
What is the Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect:
People respond to this effect in a precise way.
How is attraction is determined?
the Prediction that the Greater the Similarity there is between two people the Greater the interpersonal Attraction.
the Consistent Finding that People Respond Positively to Indications that others are Similar to themselves and Negatively to indications of Dissimilarity.
The extent to which two individuals share the same ways of thinking or feeling is called attitude similarity. The larger the proportion of similarity, the greater the attraction
the Proportion of similarity:
- the number of topics in which people expressed sharing similar views is divided by the total number of topics discussed.
Complementaries:
Mutually reinforcing:
> differences, that when combined, make the individual parts work well together.
Similarity results in much greater attraction than complementaries, however, when the second person copies the first then specific complementaries can lead to greater attraction.
Define Attitude Similarity:
the Extent to which two people share the same attitude.
this definition has expanded to include: beliefs, values, and interests.
