Ch. 7 Life History Analyses Flashcards

1
Q

Social control of sex change

A

Clownfish

  • If the female dies, the breeding male becomes a functional female
  • next largest male becomes breeding male
  • controlled by female aggression
  • suppression of hormonal and neurotransmitter control of sex change in subordinate males
  • breeding male cares for eggs until they hatch
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2
Q

Sequential hermaphroditism

A
  • protandry

- protogyny

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3
Q

Protandry

A

Males first

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4
Q

Protogyny

A

Females first

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5
Q

There is a strict ___ or ___ ___ in the group, based on body size and aggression.

A

Social or dominance hierarchy

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6
Q

Life history -

A

An organisms record of events relating to its growth, development, reproduction, and survival

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7
Q

Characteristics that define organisms life history:

A
  • age and size at sexual maturity
  • amount and timing of reproduction
  • survival and mortality rates
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8
Q

Generalizations about a species life history traits can still be made but must consider ___.

A

Variations

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9
Q

Life history strategy of a species:

A
  • overall pattern in average timing and nature of life history events
  • determined by allocation of time and energy between growth, reproduction, and survival
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10
Q

___ are parts of a strategy

A

Traits

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11
Q

___ refers to overall patterns at the species or population level.

A

Strategy

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12
Q

Theoretically life histories are optimized by ___ ___.

A

Natural selection

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13
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A
  • One genotype may produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions
  • many fishes develop different body shapes dependent on habitat
  • pines grown in cool, moist climates allocate more biomass to leaf growth relative to sapwood production than do those in warmer desert climates
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14
Q

Phenotypic plasticity may result in..

A
  • continuous range of growth rates

- discrete types (morphs)

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15
Q

Polyphenism -

A

Single genotype produces several distinct morphotypes

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16
Q

Allometry -

A

Differential growth of body parts, resulting in differences in shape or proportion

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17
Q

Asexual reproduction -

A
  • simple cell division

- exhibited in all prokaryotes and many Protists

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18
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction:

A
  • recombination promotes genetic variation
  • increased ability of populations to respond to environmental challenges
  • may provide protection against disease or changes in habitats
19
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • “cost of males” - an individuals transmit only half of its genome to next generation
  • growth rate of populations is slower
20
Q

C. elegans

A
  • either male or hermaphrodite

- hermaphrodites can reproduce by self-fertilization (selfing) or mating with males (outcrossing)

21
Q

Isogamy -

A

When gametes are of equal size

Organisms such as the green alga produce isogametes

22
Q

Anisogamy -

A

Gametes of different sizes

Most multicellular organisms produce anisogametes

23
Q

Metamorphosis -

A

Abrupt transition in form from larval to juvenile stage

24
Q

Complex life styles -

A

Involve at least two distinct stages that may have different body forms and live in different habitats

25
Why complex life styles?
Parents and offspring can be subject to different selection pressures Butterfly
26
Direct development -
Go from fertilized egg to juvenile without passing through a specific larval stage Seepage salamander
27
Alternation of generations:
- exhibited by plants and most algae | - multicellular diploid sporophyte alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte
28
Reproductive patterns can be categorized along several continua.
Semelparous - iteroparous r-selection - K-selection Stress - disturbance Charnov's life history cube
29
___ species reproduce only once.
Semelparous
30
___ species can reproduce multiple times.
Iteroparous Almond tree
31
Semelparous species include:
- annual plants - agave - giant pacific octopus - salmon
32
Iteroparous species include:
- trees such as pines and spruces - most plants and many herbaceous plants - most vertebrates - mane invertebrates - Florida scrub jay
33
r-selection and K-selection describe...
Two ends of a hypothetical continuum of reproductive patterns
34
r =
Intrinsic rate of increase of population
35
K =
Carrying capacity for a population
36
r-selection is selection for...
High population growth rates in uncrowded environments, newly disturbed habitats, uncrowded contains, etc
37
K-selection is selection for..
- slower growth rates in populations that are at or near K | - in crowded, more stable conditions, efficient reproduction is favored
38
___ is a spectrum of population growth rates, from fast to slow.
r-K continuum
39
On the r-selected end
- short life spans - rapid development - early maturation - low parental investment - high rates of reproduction - most insects, small vertebrates such as mice, weedy plant species Live fast, die young
40
On the K-selected end
- long-lived - slow development - delayed maturation - invest heavily in each offspring - low rates of reproduction - large mammals, reptiles such as tortoises and crocodiles, and long-lived plants such as oak and maple trees Slow and steady
41
Stress -
Any factor that reduces vegetative growth
42
Disturbance -
Any process that destroys plant biomass
43
"CSR" model
Competitive, stressed, ruderal