Ch. 4 Coping With Environmental Variation: Temperature And Water

Question 1

Cryonics -

Answer 1

Preservation of bodies by freezing, in hopes they can be brought back to life in the future

Question 2

Few vertebrates can withstand freezing -

Answer 2

Freeze tolerance

Question 3

Organisms have two options for coping with environmental variation:

Answer 3

Tolerance

Avoidance

Question 4

Physiological ecology -

Answer 4

• study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• how these interactions influence their survival and persistence

Question 5

The physical environment influences an organisms success in two ways:

Answer 5

• Affects availability of energy and resources and the ability to maintain metabolic functions, grow and reproduce
• extreme environmental conditions affect survival

Question 6

Actual geographic distribution of a species also related to other actors, such as ___ and ___.

Answer 6

Disturbance and competition

Question 7

A species ___ ___ is the range of conditions over which it occurs.

Answer 7

Climate envelope

Question 8

Stress -

Answer 8

Environmental change results in decreased rates of important physiological processes, lowering potential for survival, growth, or reproduction

Question 9

Hypoxia -

Answer 9

Not enough oxygen is delivered to your tissues

Question 10

Acclimatization -

Answer 10

Short-term, reversible, process within a single individuals lifetime

An individual phenomena

Question 11

Adaptation -

Answer 11

Long-term, population-level change to environmental stress over time via natural selection

A population phenomena

Question 12

Ecotypes:

Answer 12

• populations with adaptations to unique environments

Question 13

Acclimatization and adaptation require investments of energy and resources.

Represents possible ___ with other functions that can also affect survival and reproduction.

Answer 13

Trade offs

Question 14

Some organisms can survive periods of extreme heat or cold by entering a state of ___, in which little or no metabolic activity occurs.

Answer 14

Dormancy

Question 15

Examples of dormancy:

Answer 15

• hibernation
• daily torpor
• estivation

Question 16

Energy exchange with environment can be by four processes -

Answer 16

Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation

Question 17

Conduction -

Answer 17

Transfer of energy from warmer to cooler molecules

Example: snuggling -> heat will transfer from warmer person to cooler person

Question 18

Convection -

Answer 18

Heat energy is carried by moving water or air

Example: if you’re in a pool and you are warmer than the water, you will heat up water around you. If your little sister comes by and swishes water and will move cold water onto you.

Question 19

Evaporation -

Answer 19

Water absorbs heat as it changes state from liquid to gas

Example:

Question 20

Radiation -

Answer 20

Radiating heat from warmer to cooler

Example: heat from fire will radiate to your hands

Question 21

Losses of energy include emission of infrared radiation to environment, and through ___.

Answer 21

Evapotranspiration

Question 22

What factors effect energy transfer in plants?

Answer 22

• solar radiation
• infrared radiation
• convective heat transfer
• conductive heat transfer
• heat transfer by evapotranspiration

Question 23

Transpiration rates can be controlled by specialized guard cells surround a pose, called a ___.

Answer 23

Stomate

Question 24

___ has been studied in the daisy family.

Answer 24

Pubescence

Question 25

Reciprocal transplanting -

Answer 25

Plants of all species were grown in both locations

Question 26

Boundary layer -

Answer 26

Zone of turbulent flow

Question 27

Evaporative heat loss in animals includes:

Answer 27

- sweating in humans - panting in dogs and other animals - licking of body parts by some marsupials

Question 28

Ectotherms -

Answer 28

Primarily regulate body temperature through energy exchange with external environment

Question 29

Endotherms -

Answer 29

Rely primarily on internal heat generation

Question 30

Ectotherms generally have higher tolerance for ___ ___ ___ than do endotherms.

Answer 30

Internal temperature variation

Question 31

In exchanging heat with environment, the body's ___ ___-to-___ ___ is an important factor.

Answer 31

Surface area-to-volume ratio

Question 32

Larger surface area allows greater heat exchange/loss..

Answer 32

- adaptive in warm environments to dump excess heat - longer appendages - makes it harder to maintain internal temperature

Question 33

Smaller surface area relative to volume decreases animals ability to gain or lose heat...

Answer 33

- shorter appendages | - adaptive in cold environments to decrease heat loss

Question 34

Thermoneutral zone -

Answer 34

Constant resting metabolic rate over a range of environmental temperatures

Question 35

Lower critical temperature -

Answer 35

- when heat loss is greater than metabolic production | - body temperature drops and metabolic heat generation increases

Question 36

Example of acclimatization in willow ptarmigan

Answer 36

Thermoneutral zones and basal metabolic rates may vary with season

Question 37

___ is often used to indicate a short-term dormancy but is used in this text as a general state of dormancy with decreased metabolism and controlled hypothermia.

Answer 37

Torpor

Question 38

___ is a long-term winter dormancy.

Answer 38

Hibernation

Question 39

___ is a summer dormancy in some desert animals.

Answer 39

Estivation

Question 40

Small endotherms may regularly undergo daily ___ to minimize energy needed during cold nights.

Answer 40

Torpor

Question 41

Long-term __ is only possible for animals that have enough food and can store enough energy reserves.

Answer 41

Torpor

Question 42

___ is the medium in which all biochemical reactions necessary for life occur.

Answer 42

Water

Question 43

Water flows along energy gradients:

Answer 43

Gravity | Pressure

Question 44

Gravity on water

Answer 44

Water flows downhill

Question 45

Associated energy of gravity is ___ ___.

Answer 45

Gravitational potential

Question 46

Pressure on water

Answer 46

Water flows from area of higher pressure to lower pressure

Question 47

Associated energy of pressure is ___ ___.

Answer 47

Pressure potential

Question 48

Osmotic potential -

Answer 48

Water flows from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 49

Matric potential -

Answer 49

Energy associated with attractive forces on surfaces of soil particles or on surfaces of large molecules inside cells

Question 50

Resistance -

Answer 50

Force that impedes water movement along an energy gradient

Question 51

Osmotic adjustment -

Answer 51

I'm variable environments, cells must alter their osmotic potential to maintain water balance

Question 52

Terrestrial plants take up water through their roots, and by beneficial fungi called ___.

Answer 52

Mycorrhizae

Question 53

Example of trade-off

Answer 53

Plants lose water by transpiration when stomates are open for CO2 uptake

Question 54

Xylem can be under high tension, which call pull air into the water column, called ___.

Answer 54

Cavitation

Question 55

Aerenchyma -

Answer 55

Air channels in roots to alleviate oxygen stress

Question 56

Pneumatophores -

Answer 56

Specialized vertical roots that allow air to enter roots

Question 57

Hyperosmotic -

Answer 57

More saline than the animals cells

Question 58

Hypoosmotic -

Answer 58

Less saline than the animals cells

Question 59

Isoosmotic -

Answer 59

Have same solute concentration as animals cells

Question 60

What organisms have the highest resistance to water loss?

Answer 60

Desert invertebrates

Question 61

___-___ proteins outside cells serve as sites of slow, controlled ice formation.

Answer 61

Ice-nucleating