Ch. 5 Coping With Environmental Variation: Energy

Question 1

___ is the most basic requirement for all organisms.

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

Sunlight is ___ energy.

Answer 2

Radiant

Question 3

___ energy is stored in the bonds of food molecules.

Answer 3

Chemical

Question 4

___ energy is a form of potential energy.

Answer 4

Chemical

Question 5

___ energy associated with movement of molecules is measured as temperature.

Answer 5

Kinetic

Question 6

Autotrophs -

Answer 6

Organisms that assimilate energy from sunlight or from inorganic compounds

Question 7

Photosynthesis -

Answer 7

Organisms assimilating energy from sunlight

Question 8

Chemosynthesis -

Answer 8

Organisms assimilating energy from inorganic compounds

Question 9

Heterotrophs -

Answer 9

Obtain their energy by consuming energy-rich organic compounds from other organisms

Question 10

Detritivores -

Answer 10

Consume non-living organic matter

Question 11

___ and ___ are heterotrophs that consume live hosts, but do not necessarily kill them.

Answer 11

Parasites and herbivores

Question 12

___ are heterotrophs that capture and consume live prey animals.

Answer 12

Predators

Question 13

Holoparasite -

Answer 13

Have no photosynthetic pigments and obtain all their energy from other plants

Question 14

Hemiparasite -

Answer 14

Photosynthetic, but obtains nutrients, water, and some of its energy from the host plant

Question 15

Some animals can become photosynthetic by acquiring or consuming photosynthetic organisms, or living in a close relationship called ___.

Answer 15

Symbiosis

Question 16

Electrons are used to generate two high-energy compounds:

Answer 16

ATP and NADPH

Question 17

The biochemical pathway used most commonly to fix CO2 is the ___ ___, catalyzed by several enzymes.

Answer 17

Calvin cycle

Question 18

Important chemosynthesizers include the __ __.

Answer 18

Nitrifying bacteria

Question 19

Photosynthesis has two major steps:

Answer 19

Light reaction

Dark reaction

Question 20

Light harvesting is accomplished by ___ and accessory pigments.

Answer 20

Chlorophyll II

Question 21

In plants, the thylakoid membrane is part of a specialized organelle called a ___.

Answer 21

Chloroplast

Question 22

__ is the most abundant enzyme on earth.

Answer 22

Rubisco

Question 23

Atmospheric O2 led to formation of an __ __ high in atmosphere that shields organisms from high-energy ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 23

Ozone layer

Question 24

___ ___ ___ shows relationship between light levels and photosynthesis rate.

Answer 24

Light response curve

Question 25

___ ___ ___ is light level at which CO2 uptake is just balanced by CO2 loss by respiration.

Answer 25

Light compensation point

Question 26

Morphological changes are associated with acclimatization:

Answer 26

At high light levels, leaves are thicker and have more chloroplasts than leaves grown in low light At low light levels, leaves are thinner and larger; increasing their surface area for greater light capture

Question 27

Photoinhibition -

Answer 27

Excess energy generates toxic oxygen compounds that damage membranes

Question 28

Carboxylase reaction

Answer 28

CO2 is taken up, sugars are synthesized, and O2 is released

Question 29

Oxygenase reaction

Answer 29

O2 is taken up, leaving to breakdown of carbon compounds and release of CO2

Question 30

__ results in a net loss of energy.

Answer 30

Photorespiration

Question 31

Secondary metabolites

Answer 31

Herbivores tend to eat new growth with the highest nitrogen content and least harmful chemicals that protect plant

Question 32

Plants that lack specialized biochemistry use the __ __ __.

Answer 32

C3 photosynthetic pathway

Question 33

If atmospheric CO2 is low and ___ high, photosynthetic energy gain may not keep pace with photorespiratory energy loss.

Answer 33

Temperatures

Question 34

The __ ___ __ reduces photorespiration.

Answer 34

C4 photosynthetic pathway

Question 35

Most C4 plants have lower rates of transpiration at a given photosynthetic rate, known as ___ ___ ___.

Answer 35

Water use efficiency

Question 36

C4 species are concentrated in ___, ___, and ___ latitudes.

Answer 36

Tropics, subtropics, and temperate latitudes

Question 37

Some plants have a unique photosynthetic pathway that minimizes water loss -

Answer 37

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Question 38

Facultative CAM

Answer 38

Plants that can switch between C3 and CAM

Question 39

Detritus -

Answer 39

Organic material derived from dead organisms

Question 40

Fiber -

Answer 40

Includes compounds such as cellulose, but it is a poor energy source because most heterotrophs canning break it down

Question 41

___ have the most energy per gram.

Answer 41

Fats

Question 42

Absorptive heterotrophy -

Answer 42

Digest food outside their bodies and absorb nutrients

Question 43

This ability of bacteria is exploited in ___.

Answer 43

Bioremediation

Question 44

Variation in ___ ___ reflects adaptations that help to optimize food acquisition and minimize competition among groups of birds.

Answer 44

Bill morphology

Question 45

Coprophagy -

Answer 45

Reingest their feces to enhance digestion

Question 46

___ have a specialized stomach compartment in which large populations of bacteria facilitate the breakdown of cellulose.

Answer 46

Ruminants

Question 47

Rumination -

Answer 47

Regurgitation of material from a fore stomach for additional chewing

Question 48

___ can adjust their digestive morphological and produce different digestive enzymes.

Answer 48

Omnivores