Ch. 7: Ladder Co. Ops Flashcards
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #1)
The reason we have all held up our hand and been sworn in to the fire service is to protect:
Life and property
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #2)
L.O.V.E.R.S. U:
(each letter stands for)
- Laddering
- Overhaul
- Venting
- Forcible Entry
- Rescue
- Search & Salvage
- Control of Utilities
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #3)
A good aggressive interior attack is the result of balance between:
The attack team, and supporting cast, ladder personnel
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #4)
Way to avoid these dangers (increased civilian & FF deaths/injuries & greater property damage) is to ensure that sufficient personnel are assigned to ladder company functions such that the following critical duties can be accomplished early enough in the fire to make a difference:
- Make sure victims are discovered & removed while survival is still possible.
- Fire traveling in void spaces if found & exposed for Engine Co before it gains control of the structure.
- Ventilation takes place in time to permit hoseline to penetrate the seat of fire.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #5)
(Cont. from previous card) – last item is salvage covers are used and other protective measures before:
Everything has been ruined by fire, smoke or water
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #6)
A plan of action is needed that specifies what areas need covered & by whom, what tools to be taken & what/when/why certain actions must occur. Having a plan does many things, first it:
Formalizes thinking
making people consider in advance what must be done
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #7)
A plan also assigns a ___ to each element:
Degree of priority
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #8)
Moreover, a plan establishes ___ for one’s actions, since it should establish what particular players should do:
Accountability
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #9)
Although difficult to determine all of the variables that may be present on the firegound & establish a procedure to cover each one, its far more difficult to establish these variables as you:
Pull up to an incident & develop the plan of action ‘on the fly’ where there is tremendous pressure to ‘do something’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #10)
By nature, the operational plan may have to be quite general, but it should at least provide the following specifics:
- Number of people to be committed initially to each of the major areas of responsibility
- Tools to be provided at each area
- General scope of duties
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #11)
Fig 7-2: The most important ingredient to successful ladder company operations is:
A plan that spells out what is to be done, where, by whom and with what tools.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #12)
From past experience – the following 3 basic tools will be required at almost all structure fires:
- F/E of some type – halligan,
- Flathead axe – for driving f/e bar in as well as chopping,
- Hook/pole – pull ceilings, open walls, extend our reach.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #13)
As a rule, when deciding the number of personnel assigned to an area, always try to use the ___ system:
Buddy system
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #14)
Compliance with OSHA’s 2-in-2-out requirement means that before a member enters any IDLH atmosphere, that member must ___ & ___. Unless:
- Team up w/ another ff &
- Report their position.
• Unless – human life at risk demands immediate action to save a life.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #15)
Factors to consider when planning assignments that mean a member may be operating alone for even part of the time:
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #15)
Factors to consider when planning assignments that mean a member may be operating alone for even part of the time:
• 1st is - Experience
• 2nd factor is - Availability of portable radios
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #16)
Normally, a M responding with w/ the pumper will always be operating in the vicinity of other FF’s on the hoseline – not always the case with those assigned truck duties. For this reason, the plan must cover:
Majority of cases likely to be encountered in a unit’s response area.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #17)
Going back to the basic sequence of actions – locate, confine, extinguish – which 1 is often considered a truck duty:
- Locate
* (Generally, a pumper won’t wait for a truck before taking this 1st step, but at times its an absolute must)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #18)
On a plan – the 1st item to be decided is:
The # of people that will be part of the plan
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #19)
The idea is to outline responsibilities & activities of the initial responding units at the most common types of structure fires, and then make the plan:
Flexible enough to work in the rest of the bldgs in that area.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #20)
Mistakes have been made & will continue to be made as new situations are encountered. Still, FDNY has realized that by ___ & ___, they can develop a plans that work for their most common structures:
- Formalizing a game plan &
* Capturing the experience of its most knowledgeable members
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #21)
The officer’s main duty is much like that of an orchestra conductor – supervising the rest of the team to ensure:
Produce the maximum benefit and safety for all.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #22)
1 thing that has been learned over the years is that you cannot assume that there is no one inside. Considering that the brain can survive without ___ only a few minutes, there is no room for error in getting to victims as soon as possible:
Oxygen
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #23)
Most people who become aware of a fire will attempt to flee via
Their normal path of egress
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #24)
(Cont. from previous card) – an interior team is an absolute must, they must be equipped to (perform 4):
- Force entry for hoseline
- Expose hidden fire
- Vent as they move
- Report progress to IC
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #25)
(CFPC) – Which basic tools must be provided:
___ should also be considered necessities:
- F/E iron,
- Flat head axe,
- Hook
• Portable radio, powerful flashlight, personal flashlight
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #26)
In Ladders 4, Officer & 2 FFs make up the interior search team. In addition to 3 basic tools, they also bring a 2½” water extinguisher for:
- Containing mattress & incipient fires or for
* Knocking down extension on the floor above the fire.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #27)
By providing ___ at this position, the officer can have a great influence on the outcome:
Strong leadership
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #28)
The primary duty of the interior team is to:
Search the immediate fire area and the means of egress.
in addition, provided needed f/e, open up blind spaces & vent to ensure rapid advance of hoselines
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #29)
Having 1 member operate alone is not a good idea – but may at times be required. However the risks are minimized by -
Assigning the member specific duties and a location
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #30)
Vent, enter, search (VES) is highly useful for:
Getting to possible victims located above the fire.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #31)
Fig. 7-4: A FF performing VES has on the front of a bldg has ___ if conditions inside deteriorate. And this member can call for reinforcements if assistance is needed in victim removal.
A safe area to retreat
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #32)
The primary duty of officers is to:
Protect their people
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #33)
Regardless of time of day, the area of the highest life hazard is?
- Bedroom
* (high priority placed on search of means of egress & bedrooms)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #34)
Alert human beings will flee a fire if they are physically able. Persons who are ___ aren’t alert, and thus cannot flee:
Asleep
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #35)
Persons who are asleep include:
- People who work nights – sleep during the day &
* Older folks who nap
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #36)
The great majority of the time, (which 3 categories of people) will all be found in bedrooms:
- Young children in cribs
- Temporarily disabled
- Older bedridden people
- (Odds are if you are going to rescue a victim from a dwelling fire, it will be from bedroom)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #37)
Fires most frequently start on lower floors, severely exposing the interior stairway and rendering it useless as a means of access until after:
Fire has been darkened down
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #38)
Fig. 7-6: VES is used to:
Horizontal venting – which greatly speeds the advancement of the hoseline is required
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #39)
Examination of the important points, first → an interior team, a minimum of 2 members, must begin the search & assist the attack team in the interior. 2nd point is that roof venting isn’t initially required, but ___ is:
Horizontal venting – which greatly speeds the advancement of the hoseline is required
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #40)
Examination of the important points, 3rd point is that by properly selecting a window for entry – you have a good chance of:
Entering the location of any missing occupants.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #41)
As a rule, the interior team should always be assigned and equipped with the following at minimum:
- Halligan tool,
- Flathead axe,
- Pike pole,
- Lights,
- Portable radio.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #43)
On the plan – establish duties and positions based on:
Priorities
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #44)
Portable ladders have a variety of uses, such as providing:
- Access
- Rescue routes
- Escape routes
- Ventilation points
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #45)
Portable ladders may replace aerial devices where:
Access to an area can’t be made by vehicle
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #46)
The proper placement and use of a portable ladder in the early stages of a fire can often (3):
- Prevent loss of life
- Cut off fire extension
- Make FF’s task easier
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #47)
If used properly, a ladder can simplify the task. Improperly used, it can be a:
Handicap
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #48)
Factors that affect the selection and placement of a portable ladder:
- Reach
- Weight
- Nested or stored length
- Material of construction
- # of personnel required to place ladder into operation
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #49)
By selecting the proper ladder for the task, you improve your unit’s efficiency, increasing:
The speed at which a task is accomplished.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #50)
Fig. 7-9: The selection of portable ladders available to FFs must reflect:
The structures in the response area
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #51)
Of all factors affecting ladder selection – whether for purchase or use, the most important item must be:
Its length
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #52)
45’ & 55’ ladders require 5 ff’s to raise (6 if they’re wooden). Rooms byond the reach of any portable ladders & are inaccessible by aerial devices – that may be acceptable in bldgs of ___ construction, but not in which bldgs:
- Acceptable in bldgs of fire-resistive construction.
* Not acceptable in frame or ordinary construction bldgs without sprinklers or fire escapes.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #53)
Fig. 7-11: The selection of ladders for a department should only be made after a thorough survey of:
The entire community – looking for locations that are inaccessible to aerial devices, and careful consideration of alternatives.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #54)
The ladder compliment on apparatus should be consistent with:
The conditions encountered in the response area.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #55)
The NFPA requirement for total feet required for ground ladders is:
168’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #56)
When selecting ladders for length, the 1st consideration should go to ___ ladders:
Extension ladders
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #57)
The nested length of a 2-section 35’ extension ladder is:
The 35’ extension ladder will replace which ladders:
- 35’ nested is 20’
* 28’ 24’ and in a pinch, a 20’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #58)
The ability to adjust a ladder to the required working length is a major plus for the extension ladder. The alternatives are:
- Carrying more ladders of various lengths -or-
* To use an incorrect ladder at an improper angle.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #59)
Selecting a length for the task depends to a large extent on the floor at which the task will be performed. Rule of thumb – from floor to floor, estimate height of residential bldgs & commercial bldgs is?
- Residential – 9’
* Commercial – 12’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #60)
An average windowsill is ___ above the floor is:
3’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #61)
Average window height is:
4’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #62)
You can begin to estimate the required length of your ladder by adding:
- Add length of residential bldg (9’ floor to floor) or commercial bldg (12’) +
- Average windowsill height of 3’ above the floor +
- A window height of 4’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #63)
Members must also have an idea of the intended use of the ladder. If a task is window entry, rescue, FF escape or hoseline advance, a shorter ladder may suffice than if ___ need to be performed:
- Ventilation or
* Overhaul of the exterior
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #64)
Fig. 7-12: Select the right ladder for the job based on:
- The task &
* The floor to floor height of the structure
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #65)
Fig. 7-12 (cont): Floor to floor height in residential buildings is typically:
9’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #66)
Fig. 7-12 (cont): Ladder placement →
- Venting from a ladder:
- For entry/exit:
- Venting – tip at top of window
* Entry/exit – tip just at or slightly below window sill
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #67)
A quick size up should indicate to the FF that the 2nd floor windowsill is about ___ above grade, while the 3rd story windowsill would be about ___ above grade (residential):
- 2nd – 12’ above grade
* 3rd – 21’ above grade
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #68)
The proper Climbing Angle for a portable ladder is?
- 70 degrees
* (Puts climber in position to walk nearly erect while holding rungs or beams)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #69)
The 700 climbing angle eats up the vertical height of ladder since ladder must also cover a ___ distance.
Horizontal
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #70)
The 70 degree climbing angle eats up the vertical height of ladder since ladder must also cover a horizontal distance. For this reason, a 12’ ladder won’t reach windowsill of 2nd floor. At 70 degree climbing angle, about ___ of ladder’s total length lost:
6%
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #71)
At 70-degree climbing angle, 6% of ladder’s total length is lost. The remaining 94% is called:
The working length
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #72)
The ‘working length’ of a ladder is:
- The height that the ladder will actually reach above grade
* (To reach 2nd floor windowsill requires reach of 13’)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #73)
To ensure proper climbing angle (70 degrees) – a quick estimate of ___ gives you the approximate location to place the butt of the ladder away from the bldg:
Estimate of the working height divided by 4.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #74)
When ensuring proper climbing angle and location for butt of ladder – take ___ (3) into account before placing butt of ladder on the ground:
- Eaves,
- Balconies,
- Other overhangs.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #75)
Take eaves, balconies or overhangs into acct before placing butt of ladder on ground. Set butt down at this location, hoist & lower ladder into position – check climbing angle by:
- Standing on bottom rung, then
- Reach out for rungs at chest height.
- If can touch w/ arms fully extended & without having to lean in/out of ladder → good angle
- (Idea is to achieve a comfortable & stable position, rather than a preset figure that requires a protractor to measure)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #76)
___ (what) will determine the proper location of a ladders tip:
The intended task for the ladder’s use
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #77)
The intended task for the ladder’s use will determine the proper location of its tip. If ff is going to vent window by breaking it while working from a ladder – the best position for the tip of the ladder is:
- Even w/ the top of the window frame –
* Just off to the upwind side of the objective.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #78)
Placement of ladder tip for FF that is venting a window while working from the ladder does what 2 things:
- Allows M to ascend to a height from which the M can break the glass without being in its path as it falls.
- Keeps M’s hands high enough so that glass won’t slide down handle of tool.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #79)
Reason we are venting is to allow ___ (3) to escape:
- Heated gases, smoke & flame.
- (these usually at upper level of window – too high on the ladder & M can be caught in fire driven at them by shifts of the wind)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #80)
If entering or exiting through a window – proper location for the tip of the ladder will be at or just below the windowsill. This is because:
The entire width of the window is kept clear for ff – any other placement will impede an entry or exit.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #81)
Some recommend extending ladder 1 or 2 rungs into the window with the thought that a FF can looking for a route of escape will be able to see the ladder tip and move more quickly. The fact is that a ___ is more readily found under fire conditions than the ladder:
A vented window
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #82)
What sends a signal that a window is an escape window, which also helps achieve superior ventilation (as opposed to placing ladder w/ 1-2 rungs into the window):
Completely clearing the window of glass and sash where the ladder is in placed
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #83)
Avg. width of a residential window is:
30”
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #84)
A FF with an air pack on is nearly ___ wide:
20”
there’s just enough room to fir a 16” wide ladder in the window opening
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #85)
In addition, placing tip of ladder at the sill allows the M to climb onto it without
Rising up into the greatest area of heat or even fire (as do other methods), further reducing the chances of injury.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #86)
Fig. 7-13: Any ladder that a FF might be required to use as an escape route should be positioned (how):
With the tip at or just below the windowsill
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #87)
Currently, most ladders in the fire service are made out of:
- Aluminum
* (lighter & require less maintenance than wood ladders, which have largely been replaced)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #88)
The lightweight of aluminum allows 1 person to handle most ladders up to ___ in length, both straight & extension.
Up to 20’ in length
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #89)
2 members can handle a ___ ft aluminum ladder, if they butt it against the bldg while they raise it:
35’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #90)
The most common drawback of aluminum ladders is:
Electrical conductivity
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #91)
Fig. 7-14: Aluminum ladders are great conductors of electricity. All ladders should be kept ___ or more (how far) from electrical lines, or extra precautions against electrical shock should be taken:
10 ft or more
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #92)
Offering at least a partial solution to the problem - composite ladders, primarily used by electric companies (not yet fully caught on w/ fire service) have beams made of ___ and rungs of ___.
- Beams → nonconducting fiberglass
- Rungs → aluminum
- (composite ladders – weight is slightly heavier than aluminum ladders & load carrying capacity is comparable)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #93)
All ladders – wood, aluminum and fiberglass can conduct electricity if they are:
Coated with water
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #94)
Always use extreme care when operating near:
Power lines
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #95)
A drawback of both fiberglass and aluminum is their lack of resistance to:
Heat
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #96)
The process used in manufacturing ___ ladders, requires heat treating
Aluminum
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #97)
Process used in manufacturing aluminum ladders requires heat-treating. Subsequent exposure to high heat can weaken a ladder’s strength w/ out any outward changes in shape. The only visible evidence of loss of strength may be:
Subtle discoloration similar to bluing
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #98)
If detect bluing on ladder or if ladder experiences direct exposure to flame, take it OOS until:
It can be properly tested.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #99)
NFPA for ground ladders (# & title)
- NFPA 32
* Std on Use, Maintenance & Service Testing of In-service FD Ground Ladders
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #100)
NFPA 1932 requires a heat-indicating label on ea. section of new aluminum & fiberglass ladders. The label will change color when:
Exposed to dangerous temps (300 degrees F)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #101)
From NFPA 32 → A design load of ___ (weight) has been selected for most ladders, since it usually takes 2 FFs to remove a single unconscious person:
750 lbs.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #102)
From NFPA 32 → The working strength (of ladders) is explained by assigning an average weight of ___ for each person:
250 lbs – including fire apparel & SCBA
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #103)
Load carrying capabilities, coupled with another requirement to facilitate safety and stability during any activity (but particularly rescue), results in ladders that are:
Heavier than the past
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #104)
The 2nd feature common on all ladders purchased since 1984 in an increased width of the sections. Old ladders had sections as little as ___. Newer ladders are how wide:
- Pre – 1984: 12”
* 1984 & newer: 16” wide at narrowest point
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #105)
A good working knowledge of (4 items pertaining to ladders) are a must before anyone is sent out to ladder a building:
- The ladder parts
- How they work
- Capacities
- Proper usage
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #118)
Fig. 7-15: Carrying a power saw ___ (how) allows you to use both hands for the climb:
On a sling
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #119)
- When working on ladder, always used ___ to secure yourself:
Ladder locks or a ladder belt
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #120)
Don’t overextend yourself. If necessary, reposition ladder. One of the easiest ways to fall from a ladder is to try to:
- Overextend your horizontal reach
- (sideways motion places great twisting stress on ladder, possibly causing ladder to spin - simplest way to avoid is to reposition the ladder)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #121)
- Tie off base of ladder – secure ladder to bldg or other substantial object (rarely possible). With extension ladder - secure halyard to bed section when at proper height (acts as insurance for ladder locks). Alternative to securing ladder at base is:
Secure the tip
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #122)
10 (cont): In the event that it is necessary to leave a ladder unattended, it should always be secured (where):
At the tip (tying off at the base won’t prevent it from being blown over sideways – especially true on lighter ladders)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #123)
- Before stepping off ladder, be sure of:
- The stability of the area you’re about to enter
* Even if you can see the surface – use tool to probe area for strength
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #124)
Portable ladders are very useful tools, allowing us to reach areas otherwise made inaccessible by:
- Fire,
- Structural Collapse, or
- Architectural designs.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #125)
Aerial devices add to a unit’s capabilities, but they shouldn’t be viewed as replacement for portable ladders. Aerial devices are commonly used for:
- Search
- Rescue
- Vent
- Roof access
- Heavy stream application
- Platforms for overhaul or inspecting
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #126)
Certain tasks lend themselves to being performed by specific kinds of devices. Example - Ventilating windows on the front of a bldg is rapidly accomplished by using:
Aerial ladder.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #127)
(cfpc) Certain tasks lend themselves to being performed by specific kinds of devices. 2nd Example – removing an unconscious victim is far easier with an:
Elevating platform
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #128)
Roof access is often required for ___ purposes:
Ventilation
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #129)
For serious fires in larger bldgs, the initial roof crew may not be sufficient to complete all of the needed tasks. To supply reinforcements, an ___ is superior to an articulating boom or a tower ladder:
- Aerial ladder or ladder tower
- (same is true when need to evacuate large # of personnel from roof or other area – a continuous ladder is superior if they can climb on their own)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #130)
Fig: 7-18: A ___ consists of a basket attached to an aerial ladder:
Ladder tower
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #131)
Fig. 7-19: A ___ has only a side-less escape ladder, which should only be used in an extreme emergency:
Tower ladder
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #132)
Difference between a Tower Ladder & a Ladder Tower is?
- T/L – platform attached to a boom w/ built-in waterway & a side-less escape ladder (unsuitable for routing climbing bc lack of substantial sides).
- L/T – platform attached to end of aerial ladder w/ built-in waterway – designed around aerial ladder provides ready for climbing.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #133)
Ladder towers (Tr4) have lower wt carrying capacity than tower ladders (not on DFD), and have restrictions on how their master streams may be operated at lower ___ angles.
Boom
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #134)
The most versatile master stream appliances on the fireground are:
Tower Ladders
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #135)
T/L’s offer unrestricted master stream use at any angle or extension – making them the most versatile m/s appliance on fire ground. Tower ladder platform capacity is:
- 1000 lbs or more
* (capacity unaffected by boom angle, extension, or master stream use)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #136)
When training FF’s to position aerial apparatus, ___ & ___ must be considered:
- Type of apparatus &
* Task to be performed
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #137)
(Positioning aerial apparatus): ___ & ___ require a clear line of sight from turntable to the objective:
- Aerial ladders &
* Telescoping platforms require
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #138)
When trng FF’s to position aerial apparatus, type of apparatus & task to be performed must be considered. Articulating boom platforms may reach over some obstacles – but pose additional problem in that the boom:
Projects opposite the platform - may strike obstacles on the other side of the truck
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #139)
Fig. 7-20: An articulating platform may be able to reach over obstructions – but you should keep it (and all aerials) at least how far away from wires?
10’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #140)
When extending an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so that ___ (#) rungs project above the level of the roof: This allows for (why):
At least 5 rungs project above level of roof.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #141)
When extending an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so that at least 5 rungs project above level of roof. This allows for (why):
- Allows for → greater visibility of escape route when conditions on rood start to deteriorate. In addition,
- Extra projection allows member to maintain firm handhold at normal standing position while mounting or dismounting the ladder.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #142)
When raising an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so at least 5 rungs project above the level of the roof (reasons for are on previous notecard). Ladder itself should maintain ___ from the bldg:
An inch or 2 out from bldg
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #143)
Placing ladder a 1” or 2” away from bldg avoids placing strain on? And allows?
- Avoids placing strain on parapet walls.
- Allows truss construction of ladder to perform as designed.
- (when ff’s wt is applied to ladder, beam will just rest of edge of roof)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #144)
Fig. 7-21: Aerial ladders should always be extended at least 5 rungs over the roof line, why:
- Makes them easier to find in darkness & smoke.
* Makes them easier to mount & dismount onto the roof.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #145)
When positioning aerial – important to make sure ladder is placed as ___ as to the bldg as possible.
- Square
* (if placed at an angle to bldg, 1 beam of ladder will contact bldg 1st)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #146)
Positioning aerial – important to make sure ladder is placed as square to bldg as possible. If ladder placed at an angle, 1 beam of ladder will contact bldg 1st. As climbing FF’s weight approaches tip, ladder will twist until other beam also rests on the edge of the roof. This is dangerous for 2 reasons:
- The twisting is a severe torsional load that can lead to ladder failure.
- As ladder twists, (far beam) pulls other beam (near beam) to the side it’s twisting toward → ladder can slide
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #147)
To avoid twisting and ladder failure – position apparatus so:
- Turntable is inline w/ objective, then →
* Then rotate ladder until it’s perpendicular to the bldg.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #148)
Fig. 7-23: Failure to position an aerial square to the building leads to:
- 1 beam contacting the bldg 1st.
- This causes the ladder to slide sideways along the parapet wall.
- (potentially causing ladder failure)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #149)
When placing platform on roof – Member in basket can place it for the best location. If roof has no parapet wall, its best to place the basket (how):
Over the building - so that its just resting on the roof.
this allows FFs to step directly through platform gate onto the roof
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #150)
If bldg has parapet of moderate height (3 – 6’), best placement for basket is:
Place top rail of platform basket just slightly above the top of parapet.
(this makes it easier for M’s climbing in or out of the basket)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #151)
Best placement of platform on bldg with unusually high parapet wall (more than 6’) is:
Best to relocate platform
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #152)
Best placement of platform on bldg with unusually high parapet wall (more than 6’), it is best to relocate then platform. If not possible to relocate, you should gain access to roof by:
Gain access to roof directly from bucket (attic ladder secured to top sliding section of the boom)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #153)
1 special caution when talking about a telescoping boom with its basket on the roof, is to make certain that the basket has been:
- Raised up above the floor or parapet before retracting the boom –
- Otherwise basket can strike bldg (causes damage to apparatus & bldg as well as knock down parts of either onto people below).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #154)
When fire on a lower floor is blocking the escape from upper floors, the aerial device is a must. It allows us to:
- Get to the fire,
- Search for & cut off any extension,
- Search for & remove any victims.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #155)
VES is recommended more than the all-interior approach because:
The escape route is always on the outside of the building – which isn’t as likely to be cut off by extension.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #156)
VES – elevating platform is clear choice over an aerial ladder. Because:
- Basket is safer to work from when venting a window,
- If victim found, especially unconscious or disabled – its safer, faster & more efficient to take them down than an aerial,
- Basket is a better area of refuge – if conditions worsen, can quickly pile into basket.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #157)
Positioning a basket to a window requires a different technique from placing it on the roof. First, most platforms have ___ mounted on the center of the basket:
- Master stream nozzle
* (this can impede access to the basket at the center).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #158)
M/S nozzle can impede access to basket at the center, but front corners of basket are relatively unobstructed. When positioning elevating platforms for rescue, spot basket how:
- As close to bldg as poss.
- In-line w/ the window – this assures shortest distance of travel & places front corner of basket at the window.
- Top rail of basket is level w/ windowsill
- (Unless lineup is perfect - gates on basket can be disregarded – they’re narrow & aligning takes too much valuable time)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #159)
Fig. 7-25: When positioning platforms for rescue, spot the ___ in line with the objective:
Basket.
bottom of fig 7-25: when positioning elevating platforms, stop the apparatus with the basket in line with the victim
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #160)
Place the basket so that the top rail is level with the windowsill, this (does what):
Makes it easier to enter the basket (& keep the people in the basket away from most of the smoke & heat emanating from the window).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #161)
Elevating platform gates – many of the gates only open ___, reducing the space available inside the basket:
Inward
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #161)
Positioning aerial to window is similar to positioning it to:
The roof
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #163)
Positioning aerial to window is similar to positioning it to the roof - In that rig should stop where: And tip of aerial should be located where? (for a rescue):
- Stop where turntable should be directly inline w/ window or objective,
- And ladder is perpendicular to bldg w/ tip of aerial being just below windowsill (if possible, leaving most of window free for access).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #164)
- Avg. residential window is how wide?
- The tip of most aerials is how wide?
- Res. window – 30” wide
* Tip of most aerials – 20 - 24” wide
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #165)
Aerials make excellent ventilation tools, especially when manpower is at a premium →
- Procedures:
- Don’t attempt on/attack which types of windows:
• Put tip of aerial through top pane of glass & lower ladder - breaks sash and bottom pane.
- (don’t over extend ladder or attack any steel frame windows such as casement, can damage ladder)
- (never rotate ladder – can damage or get wedged in)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #166)
When using aerials as ventilation tools, ___ should be the only actions permitted:
- Extend through, then lower
* (never allow ladder to be rotated – can damage ladder &/or result in ladder getting wedged in the opening).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #167)
The scrub area may be defined as:
The amount of surface area that may be physically contacted by an aerial device.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #168)
Some aerials have greater scrub area than others. Aerial ladders & telescoping booms have greater s/a than ___ with length.
Articulating booms
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #169)
Generally, the greater the working height of a device, the more scrub area it can cover. Scrub area determines:
The width & height an apparatus may be expected to cover for access, egress, platforms and the application of streams.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #170)
Positioning of apparatus has a direct bearing on the scrub area – further away from bldg, the less area the end of the stick can cover. While too close also reduces s/a because:
Apparatus may be too close to swing ladder or boom to lower floors – where it may be needed most.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #171)
The particular perfect distance for an aerial device to obtain its maximum scrub area varies depending on:
- Length of device &
* The number of telescoping sections.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #172)
More telescoping sections of boom for a given length means that each section is shorter. 4-section 75’ boom has greater s/a than 3-section 75’ boom, and more scrub area on lower floors than:
A three-section 85’ boom.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #173)
For articulating booms – scrub area and spotting distances are determined by:
The length of the bed section.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #174)
Fig. 7-27: Apparatus should not be positioned closer than ___ if the ladder is to be used on the lower floors:
The shortest nested length of the aerial device
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #174)
Fig. 7-27: Apparatus should not be positioned closer than ___ if the ladder is to be used on the lower floors:
The shortest nested length of the aerial device
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #175)
When placing apparatus for operation on lower 3 floors of a bldg – engineer must be cognizant of:
The vehicle’s profile and how it
affects the Movement of the aerial device
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #176)
On mid-ship mounted devices, especially those w/ enclosed cabs – if you intend to reach lower floors, the absolute worst approach would be to ___:
Pull nose-first toward the bldg – since the cab will block the ladder or boom from descending to those levels
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #177)
When positioning midship-mounted devices, the best scrub area is obtained by placing the apparatus:
- Just off & parallel to the objective.
- Angle the cab about 15 or 20 degrees away from bldg (gets cab out of way for lower angles – without swinging the back in the way)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #178)
Rear mounted devices suffer from pulling nose it, as do the midship trucks, but often not as severely, since they are usually built with ___ to allow for street clearance:
A lower profile cab
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #179)
Best scrub area for rear mounted devices is obtained by -
Backing into position (may be impractical due to time and street congestion)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #180)
Fig. 7-28: The scrub area of a midship-mounted aerial may be partially blocked by the ___ of the apparatus:
Cab
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #181)
Be sure to consider the location of the obstacle such as wires, utility poles and tress. A ___ is necessary for aerial & telescoping devices to be able to touch their objectives:
Direct line of sight from the turntable to the objective.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #182)
Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → First, is that they should be positioned for the ___ of the device:
Maximum benefit
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #183)
Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → First - is that they should be positioned for the maximum benefit of the device. Its fairly common to see aerials blocked out of the proper positioning by engines. This shows poor:
Training
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #184)
Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → 2nd guide is to spot the apparatus with ___ in mind:
The fire’s anticipated progress
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #185)
Generally, as you approach bldg – slow down & observe conditions. If obvious conditions demand your locating at specific position (victim at a window) – spot accordingly. In the absence of any specific requirements, position the apparatus (where):
15’ past the corner of the bldg that you approached first.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #186)
Positioning apparatus 15’ past the corner of the bldg that you approached first allows the apparatus to be:
Driven forward if the need to reposition suddenly presents it self.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #187)
Fig. 7-30: If nothing demands a specific position on arrival – spot (how):
Turntable 15’ past the edge of the bldg you pass as you drive – that way you can drive forward if needed.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #188)
Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → Review, the 2 guidelines are:
- Position for maximum benefit of the device &
* Spot apparatus with the fire’s anticipated progress in mind.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #189)
Safety & rules (should only be broken under the most extreme circumstances) → Keep 10’ or more from over head power lines. ___ coupled with ___ produces an excellent path for electric current:
Metallic frame of aerial devices - coupled with → direct contact between stabilizers and the ground
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #190)
Direct contact with the charged object isn’t necessary. High voltages can arc considerable distances across:
Open air
(conditions on fire ground make it easier for the arcing to occur, given all the water flying around – creating a conductive film on surfaces that may not otherwise present an electrical hazard).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #191)
2nd safety rule is to never ___ or ___ any telescoping device, aerial ladder, ladder tower or tower ladder while a person is climbing on the ladder:
- Never extend or retract.
* (shifting rungs can cause severe crush injuries).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #192)
If conditions are such that people on the device are exposed to severe conditions, ___ should provide relief. To allow extending or retracting is to invite injury:
Rotating turntable or raising or lowering ladder.
review – the 2 safety rules were?
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #193)
A well-done, efficient job of overhaul can –
- Save much:
- Prevent:
- Go a long way to improving:
- Save much hard work,
- Prevent embarrassment,
- Improving image of a FD.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #194)
A sloppy overhaul job (does what 3 things):
- Wastes personnel,
- Can upset citizenry,
- May result in additional fire damage.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #195)
Overhaul is any action taken to:
Expose hidden fire and extinguishment.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #196)
Overhaul is any action taken to expose hidden fire and extinguishment – Purpose of overhaul is:
To guard against rekindling of the fire after the fire department has left the scene
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #197)
Which is often more serious, a rekindle or the original fire:
Rekindle
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #198)
A rekindle is often more serious than the original fire → area has probably been vacated, holes have been made in walls/ceilings, windows open, delayed call to 911, etc – all of these allow:
Fire to spread rapidly if it goes undetected.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #199)
Where to open → Overhaul may be performed in which phases:
- Pre-control
* Post-control
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #200)
Where to open → Pre-control overhauling is done while:
Fire still has upper hand
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #201)
Where to open → Pre-control overhaul, performed under difficult conditions of heat, steam & visibility. There is additional pressure to ___ during pre-control overhaul:
Get ahead of the fire and cut off its extension
example of: pulling ceiling to expose a traveling fire in an attic or cockloft
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #202)
Fig. 7-31: Pre-control overhauling involves opening up all void spaces where fire is trying to outflank you. ___ is important, as is knowledge of ___, to get ahead of the fire:
- Speed is important – as is,
* Knowledge of building construction.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #203)
Where to open → At this stage (pre-control), personnel is thinly spread & speed is of the essence, so openings may have to be made based on an officer’s judgment of:
Likely fire spread – rather than any indication of fire.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #204)
Where to open → If an opening is made that doesn’t show fire, it means:
FF’s have gotten ahead of the fire – can now move back towards the source.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #205)
Where to open → Conversely, if opening is made and fire is found – then firefighters may have to:
Drop back to position a line to cut off further extension.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #206)
Where to open → Knowledge of ___ will often tip off a FF about where to open up:
A building’s construction
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #207)
Where to open → In almost all non-fireproof bldgs, once fire has heavily involved a kitchen on bathroom - it’s essential to examine the floor above bc presence of:
- The presence of pipe shafts that accommodate water, sewer & vent pipes.
- (fire will climb rapidly up shafts if it enters that kind of void space)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #208)
Fig. 7-32 & 33: ___ voids often connect vertically and horizontally…creating mazes for the extension of fire.
Plumbing
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #209)
Where to open → Fire will also spread in many older brick-and-wood joist bldgs that are built around a skeleton of steel I-beams - which are also known as:
Channel rails
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #210)
Where to open → The enclosure around these steel columns is often combustible, being framed out with:
- Wood lath
- (its often more difficult to pinpoint the location of these columns than it is to find the kitchen sink or toilet – so fire can go undetected for some time)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #211)
Where to open → Its vital to check any shafts for extension since they provide built-in highways for extension from the bottom of the bldg right to the top. When checking them, don’t forget:
The base of the shaft – since embers drop down.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #212)
Where to open → After vertical voids are checked for fire extension, the most important areas to examine are:
Horizontal voids such as cocklofts
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #213)
Which one is faster → horizontal spread or vertical spread:
Vertical spread
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #214)
Where to open → Fire may spread from floor to floor around exposed pipes, but FF’s can see it. Fires in voids such as ___ are concealed from view & pose a greater potential for trouble:
Cocklofts
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #215)
Where to open → It used to be common to find horizontal voids only (where in bldgs):
Only on the floor directly below the roof – that is the top floor.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #216)
Where to open → It used to be common to find horizontal voids only on the floor directly below the roof – that is the top floor. This is no longer true because:
- Lightweight parallel-chord trusses that support floors are common &
- Ceiling heights have been lowered for reasons of energy conservation
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #217)
Used to be common to find horizontal voids only on floor directly below roof – top floor. No longer true bc (1 of few reasons) lightweight parallel-chord trusses that support floors are common. The area between ___ is now 1 open truss loft:
Ceiling and floor above
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #218)
Fig. 7-34: A serious problem with lightweight truss construction is the ___ it creates at each level:
Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #219)
Ceiling heights have been lowered for reasons of energy conservation. Usually, this is evident in:
Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #220)
Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings have often been modernized – leaving ___ exposed and ___ hung several feet below:
- Wooden joists
- Hung ceilings
- (many times – these voids are interconnected w/ vertical plumbing voids – making any fire that extends into any of these spaces difficult for FFs)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #221)
Where to open → The next location to examine after vertical shafts and horizontal voids is -
- Floor directly over fire – a quick look at fire area will help FFs find likely points of extension.
- (if lack such info – examine poke-throughs like radiator supply pipes, or examine base boards of walls)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #222)
Knowledge of ___ can assist in picking out likely areas of extension:
Building construction
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #223)
Fig. 7-35: All poke-throughs must be examined. ___, ___ & ___ are all paths for fire travel:
- Pipe chases,
- AC ducts,
- Electrical conduits.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #224)
Where to open → Cellar fire in old, wood frame house would dictate examining where and why:
Exterior walls – since there’s a possibility that house was built of balloon frame const.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #225)
Fig. 7-36 & 37: Balloon framing allows fire to travel along ___. A fire originating in the cellar will rapidly extend past the 1st floor, to the attic.
Exterior walls
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #226)
A cellar fire in a brick & wood joist apartment house would require greater emphasis on examining (where & why):
Interior partitions - since exterior walls are brick with a plaster coating.
(the plaster will likely be furred out on wooden strips – but these small voids do not interconnect as often as the larger plumbing voids & channel rails – which are found in interior partitions).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #227)
Sensing Fire → Post-control overhaul is:
A less hurried, more detailed examination for the slightest bit of remaining fire.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #228)
Fig. 7-38: ___ is a crucial, laborious process required to ensure the fire has been hunted down:
Post-control overhaul
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #229)
Sensing Fire → PC overhaul – Cause time isn’t as critical, the openings should be made in more thorough manner, paying more attention to ___ rather than speed:
Reducing unnecessary damage rather than speed.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #230)
Sensing Fire → Post control overhaul – Generally, openings made at this stage should be justifiable to:
Both to firefighters & the property owner.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #231)
Sensing Fire → To decide what a justifiable opening is, firefighters must use their ___. Starting with ___.
5 senses,
starting w/ sight:
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #232)
Sensing Fire → To decide what a justifiable opening is, firefighters must use their 5 senses, starting w/ sight. As a guide, normal Class A combustibles that are showing ___ (color of ash) on the surface are still hot enough to ignite:
- White or gray ash
* (will turn solid black when doused w/ water)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #233)
Sensing Fire → The rule of thumb (from previous nc), applies equally to almost all Class A materials, even though:
No open flame or glowing embers are visible
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #234)
___ are probably the greatest advance in overhauling since the invention of the Halligan tool.
Thermal Imaging Cameras (TICs)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #235)
Thermal Imaging Cameras (TICs) allow FFs to view a:
Visual image of heat (letting them move directly to its source).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #236)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → TICs are a great adjunct to FF’s for both searching for:
Life & hidden fire
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #237)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → In some cases, as in New Jersey, advocates of the fire service have been able to convince people that an investment in the devices would pay for itself in terms of:
- Reduced property damage,
- Lives saved and,
- Fewer injuries.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #238)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → Without TICs, normal examination techniques for searching for hidden fire include:
- Looking for discoloration,
- Feeling walls,
- Opening baseboards,
- Poking small holes in ceilings.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #239)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → Inconsistent smell of burning (comes and goes) is usually a sign that the smoke is being moved by:
Items such as HVAC units or elevators traveling in shafts.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #240)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → Elevators can create a ___ effect when they travel in an enclosed shaft:
Piston
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #241)
Thermal Imaging Cameras → Hearing is 2nd sense ff’s use to determine when & where to open up (sight is 1st). If crawl into a smoke-filled area and don’t see any fire, ___ will often be the honing device, leading them right to the fire:
The snap, crackle, pop that accompanies combustion
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #242)
TICs → Just cause FFs don’t see flame doesn’t mean they don’t have a problem. On the contrary, that they can hear the noise at all means that:
They have an open burning fire – Call for a charged hoseline immediately. Poking just 1 hole into a ceiling or wall at that stage can allow fire to blossom uncontrollably into the room.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #243)
TICs → Lacking outward signs of fire like crackling or open flame, and lacking a TIC – ff’s must rely on their sense of:
Touch – requires both caution and experience.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #244)
TICs → Sense of touch (requires caution and experience) - Ignition temperatures of common combustibles are in the range of:
400 degrees F
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #245)
TICs → Sense of touch – human skin begins to develop burns at:
A little more than 120 degrees F
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #246)
TICs → When considering whether to open a wall or surface, a good guideline to use, if no other indications are present, is the ___ rule:
15-second, 2 minute rule.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #247)
TICs → Even if a TIC shows an indication of heat, use some discretion, since a TIC will show objects with less than __ of temperature difference to be hot to an inexperienced user:
- 1 degree F
* (hot water or steam pipe in wall can cause such difference)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #248)
TICs → Feel that area for heat if there’s no urgent need to open up, no crackling noise, no smoke pushing and no increase in temp. The FF places an ungloved hand on the suspect surface. If warmth is present & no other signs, then -
FF might not want to open that area
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #249)
TICs → Generally, if FF can leave their bare hand on the surface for 15 – 20 sec w/ out undue discomfort – there’s no immediate need to open up. Just to be sure to do what:
- Same FF → Perform the same evaluation approximately 2 min later.
- (If wall is same or warmer – open it up. If area has cooled to the touch – probably won’t have to be opened, if no other problems indicated).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #250)
TICs → The 4th and least used sense that ff’s use for overhauling is:
Smell
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #251)
TICs → Knowing that the overhauling stage produces the most ___ at a fire, and that all other toxic gases will have cooled & lost their buoyancy, smarter FFs will wear their SCBA well into the operation – which hinders their sense of smell:
Carbon monoxide
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #252)
TICs → By wearing SCBAs, FFs preserve:
- Their sense of smell &
* Their lungs.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #253)
TICs → Sense of smell – well into the overhaul stage, after the bldg has been ventilated, this sense can be useful for distinguishing between:
Steam & a smoldering ember
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #254)
TICs → ___ is the final sense that firefighters should use in overhauling:
Common sense
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #255)
TICs → If firefighters are must make a mistake, they should make it on the side of:
Safety
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #256)
TICs → Last sense that ff’s should use for overhauling is common sense. Order of senses used for overhauling is:
- Sight
- Hearing
- Touch
- Smell
- Common sense
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #257)
Opening Up → If a fire was ‘localized’ this means:
Fire was caught before flashover
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #258)
Opening Up → If knocked fire was localized (ex – mattress/couch) – opening up can be confined to:
The immediate vicinity of the object or the object itself.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #259)
Opening Up → Learn to distinguish between smoke and soot stains and actual char. Objects that are charred will have to be:
Doused with water and then opened up.
a sharp knife helps overhauling mattresses & stuffed furniture
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #260)
Opening Up → Items such as mattresses & couches should be removed outside for overhauling – eliminates large source of smoke from fire area & safeguards from re-ignition. 3 statements of caution when transporting items out for final mop up:
- Be careful of how job is done. Items should be wet thoroughly & visible flame extinguished. Roll in bundle to reduce surface area exposed to fresh air. FFs in PPE/SCBA – items can burst into flames as they reach door/window & hit fresh air.
- Never remove partially extinguished items through elevator.
- Don’t throw smoldering debris out windows into areas inaccessible or out of sight of M’s outside.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #261)
Opening Up → If fire room has been subject to flashover, with substantial damage to the entire area, FFs can simplify the overhauling task by making opening in:
Logical sequence
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #262)
Opening Up → Most interior finishes provide a reasonable degree of:
Fire retarding value – plasterboard as well as plaster on wire lath & even wood will hold back a lot of fire if they are intact.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #263)
Opening Up → When seeking out hidden fire just after a room is knocked by hose stream – the 1st openings should be made near:
Already existing openings through the plasterboard or plaster – where fire is likely to have penetrated first.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #264)
Opening Up → Continued from previous card – open up around ___ (3). All of these are preexisting holes, often covered cosmetically by a thin plate of wood, plastic or sheet metal:
- Ceiling light fixtures,
- Pipes that protrude,
- Electric outlets.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #265)
Opening Up → All man-made openings are covered cosmetically by thin plate of wood, plastic or sheet metal. If fire found in these areas, areas that must also be examined are:
- Adjoining bays between joists
- (bc fire can follow openings made in joists for utilities – FFs must continue opening up successive bays until they find bays without evidence of charring – Also, each bay must be checked in both directions until it shows clean wood).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #266)
Opening Up → FFs must continue opening up successive bays until they find bays without evidence of charring – Also, each bay must be checked in both directions until it shows clean wood. Be especially alert for:
Intersecting vertical openings – where fire can climb up and out of your view.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #267)
Opening Up → Safe practices for pulling ceiling include wearing full protective clothing & SCBA and (2 others)
- Make sure area clear below of ff’s &
* Position self properly to do the work.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #268)
Opening Up → You should have a ___ in mind when you make the openings:
Means of egress
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #269)
Opening Up → Plasterboard has been known to come down in full sheets of what size?
4’ x 8’
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #270)
Opening Up → If you suspect extreme damage to the ceiling construction, it’s a good idea to make 1st openings from:
The doorway (if anything goes wrong, ff’s won’t be caught under falling ceiling)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #271)
Opening Up → Difficult ceiling to pull is tin ceiling. Originally installed as a:
Fire retardant
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #272)
Opening Up → Difficult ceiling to pull is tin ceiling. Originally installed as a fire retardant. It consists of:
Embossed sheet metal nailed to ceiling joists or other supports
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #273)
Opening Up → tin ceiling – provides great deal of resistance to ___. The sheet metal also resists ___ when attempting to poke through it:
- Pulling.
* Conventional hooks & pike poles.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #274)
Opening Up → The most effective method of opening tin ceilings is to:
- Begin at seam between sheets or other openings (such as light fixture or around a pipe).
- Then pull back along the length of each sheet.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #275)
Opening Up → Tin ceiling – With smoke, locating seam can be nearly impossible. When visibility is poor, feel for seems at ___ or locate ___ that may be extended:
The walls or locate any poke throughs such as pipes or light fixtures that may be extended.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #276)
Opening Up → Tin ceiling – tool that has proved to be most useful for this purpose (pulling back tin ceiling) is:
- Halligan tool
- (its uniquely shaped head allows you to get a purchase at the edges at the edges or seams – and a large surface area that reduces tearing through the metal, but allows pulling the nails).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #277)
Opening Up → A ___ fires, it is usually easier to push down tin ceilings from the roof, than it is to pull them from below:
Top floor fires
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #278)
Fig. 7-43: Tin ceilings are difficult opponents. Use ___ to gain a purchase for your hook or pike pole:
Preexisting openings around pipes or light fixtures
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #279)
Opening Up → A final consideration in overhauling is knowing when to:
Bldg damaged so severely that to enter would pose undue risk of death or injury
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #280)
Opening Up → Final consideration on overhaul, knowing when to stop. There are certain cases when a officer should be willing to accept a rekindle. Example:
Bldg damaged so severely that to enter would pose undue risk of death or injury
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #281)
Opening Up → Using the hose stream to wash down entire areas is also known as:
Hydraulic ventilation
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #282)
Opening Up → Using hose stream to wash down entire areas or hydraulic ventilation – although it’s a tempting option, you must consider the damage that accompanies it. ___ is an obvious factor:
Runoff water
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #283)
Opening Up → In most situations, if a material is only smoldering, opening around it and using a little water will be far superior to:
Not opening it & trying to drown it out
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #284)
Opening Up → Hydraulic overhauling may sometimes be required in occupied blgs where fire has:
Charred abutting wooded structural members & it would be impractical to remove the pieces.
(This may be the case where fire has burned the roof joists & ridgepole of a peaked roof bldg).
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #285)
Opening Up → hydraulic overhauling – using small-gallonage nozzle (on example on previous card) at a relatively high pressure can drive a stream into:
Cracks between the joists & the ridge or other crevices.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #296)
- Also mention to the owner:
- Be certain to mention:
- Any actions FD took to control utilities, either to prevent or reduce damage.
- Whether a sprinkler or other vital system is still shut down.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #297)
___ speeds up the shutdown process, especially when you encounter multiple controls:
Portable radios
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #298)
Proper procedures include sending __ (#) members to shut down utilities:
2 members – since this often involves forcing entry into a locked area.
(a 2nd person should be sent even if f/e isn’t required)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #299)
Shutting down utilities often means sending members to:
Areas that are remote from the main activity.
(a member working alone is vulnerable to everything from electrical shock to getting mugged – 2nd member, even if unable to assist, can call for help)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #300)
Members sent to cellars to shut down utilities must be equipped with ___, even if the fire is on the 1st or 2nd floor.
Masks – can be consumed by CO
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #286)
Opening Up → Take advantage of hydraulic overhauling at fires in vacant bldgs where:
Water damage is nonexistent & the dangers to firefighters are substantial.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #287)
Salvage is a very broad topic that encompasses nearly every action taken on the fireground by engine & truck personnel, reducing the damage from all perils (which perils):
- Fire,
- Smoke,
- Water damage,
- Extinguishment &
- Weather.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #288)
Salvage begins (when), if it is made a conscious part of the FF’s attitude:
- Moment of arrival
- (examples – try before you pry prevents unnecessary damage to doors, and shutting down line when don’t see any fire reduces needless water damage)
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #289)
At times, FFs view heavily damaged rooms & its contents as only so much refuse. In fact, many items within the debris may be useful or critical to the owner regardless of degree of damage. All members must be instructed to view the bldg as if:
It were their own home & they were uninsured for the loss.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #290)
When time permits, before pulling ceilings, protect as much material as possible by covering it. Examples are:
- In bedroom – throw blankets back & cover valuables (tv, radio, etc) with blanket on bed.
- Open top drawers & sweep in contents from top & close
- Use salvage covers – if unavailable, consider using curtain from bathroom until cover arrives.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #291)
Salvage tactics (cont): Another useful tactic is to open a small hole in a ceiling, thereby allowing:
Accumulated water to run off – water that might otherwise soak in and cause the entire ceiling to fall later.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #292)
Salvage tactics (cont): If possible, when making openings for examination, make them where they will be:
The least damaging – example: if suspect fire in partition between 2 room – 1 side may be open & other may be kitchen with cabinets → if possible check side opposite of kitchen first.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #293)
Salvage tactics (cont): Even taking up hoselines can have an effect on damage. Things to do with hoselines to minimize damage are:
- Take couplings outside before breaking apart and draining the line.
- In high-rise, may be able to drain lines into a sink or tub before uncoupling.
- In high-rise, stairwell usually better place for water as opposed to letting it trickle to occupied areas.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #294)
Before leaving, turn premises over to owners or their representative. Make the responsible person aware of such items as:
Broken windows or holes in roof so they may arrange for repairs.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #295)
Before leaving & when turning premises over to owners – It is an excellent idea to present owners with a copy of (booklet):
- After the Fire! Returning to Normal
- 16 pg - Distributed by USFA
- Developed w/ assistance from Hollywood, (FL) FD.
- Contains tips on salvage & actions to take
- Explanation on why it seems like FD created damage
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #301)
When performing the actual tasks of shutting down utilities, members should have at least a basic familiarity with:
The mechanics of the operation – if possible send someone with relevant expertise.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #302)
Electricity – can pose severe danger to FFs on the fireground and may require utility personnel to handle safely. Although ___ (3) are useful tools for life saving purposes, you shouldn’t rely upon them:
Lineman’s gloves, sleeves and mats
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #303)
Always assume that wires are:
Live, high-voltage conductors.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #304)
Immediately request response of the utility company. The FD can use some routine disconnects to remove prior to their arrival, but if you are unsure -
Wait for assistance
