Ch. 7: Ladder Co. Ops

Question 1

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #1)

The reason we have all held up our hand and been sworn in to the fire service is to protect:

Answer 1

Life and property

Question 2

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #2)

L.O.V.E.R.S. U:

(each letter stands for)

Answer 2

• Laddering
• Overhaul
• Venting
• Forcible Entry
• Rescue
• Search & Salvage
• Control of Utilities

Question 3

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #3)

A good aggressive interior attack is the result of balance between:

Answer 3

The attack team, and supporting cast, ladder personnel

Question 4

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #4)

Way to avoid these dangers (increased civilian & FF deaths/injuries & greater property damage) is to ensure that sufficient personnel are assigned to ladder company functions such that the following critical duties can be accomplished early enough in the fire to make a difference:

Answer 4

• Make sure victims are discovered & removed while survival is still possible.
• Fire traveling in void spaces if found & exposed for Engine Co before it gains control of the structure.
• Ventilation takes place in time to permit hoseline to penetrate the seat of fire.

Question 5

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #5)

(Cont. from previous card) – last item is salvage covers are used and other protective measures before:

Answer 5

Everything has been ruined by fire, smoke or water

Question 6

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #6)

A plan of action is needed that specifies what areas need covered & by whom, what tools to be taken & what/when/why certain actions must occur. Having a plan does many things, first it:

Answer 6

Formalizes thinking

making people consider in advance what must be done

Question 7

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #7)

A plan also assigns a ___ to each element:

Answer 7

Degree of priority

Question 8

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #8)

Moreover, a plan establishes ___ for one’s actions, since it should establish what particular players should do:

Answer 8

Accountability

Question 9

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #9)

Although difficult to determine all of the variables that may be present on the firegound & establish a procedure to cover each one, its far more difficult to establish these variables as you:

Answer 9

Pull up to an incident & develop the plan of action ‘on the fly’ where there is tremendous pressure to ‘do something’

Question 10

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #10)

By nature, the operational plan may have to be quite general, but it should at least provide the following specifics:

Answer 10

• Number of people to be committed initially to each of the major areas of responsibility
• Tools to be provided at each area
• General scope of duties

Question 11

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #11)

Fig 7-2: The most important ingredient to successful ladder company operations is:

Answer 11

A plan that spells out what is to be done, where, by whom and with what tools.

Question 12

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #12)

From past experience – the following 3 basic tools will be required at almost all structure fires:

Answer 12

• F/E of some type – halligan,
• Flathead axe – for driving f/e bar in as well as chopping,
• Hook/pole – pull ceilings, open walls, extend our reach.

Question 13

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #13)

As a rule, when deciding the number of personnel assigned to an area, always try to use the ___ system:

Answer 13

Buddy system

Question 14

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #14)

Compliance with OSHA’s 2-in-2-out requirement means that before a member enters any IDLH atmosphere, that member must ___ & ___. Unless:

Answer 14

• Team up w/ another ff &
• Report their position.

• Unless – human life at risk demands immediate action to save a life.

Question 15

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #15)

Factors to consider when planning assignments that mean a member may be operating alone for even part of the time:

Answer 15

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #15)

Factors to consider when planning assignments that mean a member may be operating alone for even part of the time:
• 1st is - Experience
• 2nd factor is - Availability of portable radios

Question 16

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
(NC #16)

Normally, a M responding with w/ the pumper will always be operating in the vicinity of other FF’s on the hoseline – not always the case with those assigned truck duties. For this reason, the plan must cover:

Answer 16

Majority of cases likely to be encountered in a unit’s response area.

Question 17

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations

Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #17)

Going back to the basic sequence of actions – locate, confine, extinguish – which 1 is often considered a truck duty:

Answer 17

• Locate

* (Generally, a pumper won’t wait for a truck before taking this 1st step, but at times its an absolute must)

Question 18

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #18)

On a plan – the 1st item to be decided is:

Answer 18

The # of people that will be part of the plan

Question 19

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladder Co. Functions At Structure Fires (NC #19)

The idea is to outline responsibilities & activities of the initial responding units at the most common types of structure fires, and then make the plan:

Answer 19

Flexible enough to work in the rest of the bldgs in that area.

Question 20

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations

Section: Ladders 4 (NC #20)

Mistakes have been made & will continue to be made as new situations are encountered. Still, FDNY has realized that by ___ & ___, they can develop a plans that work for their most common structures:

Answer 20

• Formalizing a game plan &

* Capturing the experience of its most knowledgeable members

Question 21

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #21)

The officer’s main duty is much like that of an orchestra conductor – supervising the rest of the team to ensure:

Answer 21

Produce the maximum benefit and safety for all.

Question 22

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #22)

1 thing that has been learned over the years is that you cannot assume that there is no one inside. Considering that the brain can survive without ___ only a few minutes, there is no room for error in getting to victims as soon as possible:

Answer 22

Oxygen

Question 23

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #23)

Most people who become aware of a fire will attempt to flee via

Answer 23

Their normal path of egress

Question 24

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #24)

(Cont. from previous card) – an interior team is an absolute must, they must be equipped to (perform 4):

Answer 24

• Force entry for hoseline
• Expose hidden fire
• Vent as they move
• Report progress to IC

Question 25

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #25)

(CFPC) – Which basic tools must be provided:

___ should also be considered necessities:

Answer 25

• F/E iron,
• Flat head axe,
• Hook

• Portable radio, powerful flashlight, personal flashlight

Question 26

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #26)

In Ladders 4, Officer & 2 FFs make up the interior search team. In addition to 3 basic tools, they also bring a 2½” water extinguisher for:

Answer 26

• Containing mattress & incipient fires or for

* Knocking down extension on the floor above the fire.

Question 27

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #27)

By providing ___ at this position, the officer can have a great influence on the outcome:

Answer 27

Strong leadership

Question 28

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #28)

The primary duty of the interior team is to:

Answer 28

Search the immediate fire area and the means of egress.

in addition, provided needed f/e, open up blind spaces & vent to ensure rapid advance of hoselines

Question 29

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #29)

Having 1 member operate alone is not a good idea – but may at times be required. However the risks are minimized by -

Answer 29

Assigning the member specific duties and a location

Question 30

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #30)

Vent, enter, search (VES) is highly useful for:

Answer 30

Getting to possible victims located above the fire.

Question 31

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #31)

Fig. 7-4: A FF performing VES has on the front of a bldg has ___ if conditions inside deteriorate. And this member can call for reinforcements if assistance is needed in victim removal.

Answer 31

A safe area to retreat

Question 32

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #32)

The primary duty of officers is to:

Answer 32

Protect their people

Question 33

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #33)

Regardless of time of day, the area of the highest life hazard is?

Answer 33

• Bedroom

* (high priority placed on search of means of egress & bedrooms)

Question 34

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #34)

Alert human beings will flee a fire if they are physically able. Persons who are ___ aren’t alert, and thus cannot flee:

Answer 34

Asleep

Question 35

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #35)

Persons who are asleep include:

Answer 35

• People who work nights – sleep during the day &

* Older folks who nap

Question 36

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #36)

The great majority of the time, (which 3 categories of people) will all be found in bedrooms:

Answer 36

• Young children in cribs
• Temporarily disabled
• Older bedridden people
• (Odds are if you are going to rescue a victim from a dwelling fire, it will be from bedroom)

Question 37

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #37)

Fires most frequently start on lower floors, severely exposing the interior stairway and rendering it useless as a means of access until after:

Answer 37

Fire has been darkened down

Question 38

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #38)

Fig. 7-6: VES is used to:

Answer 38

Horizontal venting – which greatly speeds the advancement of the hoseline is required

Question 39

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #39)

Examination of the important points, first → an interior team, a minimum of 2 members, must begin the search & assist the attack team in the interior. 2nd point is that roof venting isn’t initially required, but ___ is:

Answer 39

Horizontal venting – which greatly speeds the advancement of the hoseline is required

Question 40

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #40)

Examination of the important points, 3rd point is that by properly selecting a window for entry – you have a good chance of:

Answer 40

Entering the location of any missing occupants.

Question 41

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #41)

As a rule, the interior team should always be assigned and equipped with the following at minimum:

Answer 41

• Halligan tool,
• Flathead axe,
• Pike pole,
• Lights,
• Portable radio.

Question 42

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Ladders 4 (NC #43)

On the plan – establish duties and positions based on:

Answer 42

Priorities

Question 43

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations

Section: Laddering (NC #44)

Portable ladders have a variety of uses, such as providing:

Answer 43

• Access
• Rescue routes
• Escape routes
• Ventilation points

Question 44

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #45)

Portable ladders may replace aerial devices where:

Answer 44

Access to an area can’t be made by vehicle

Question 45

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #46)

The proper placement and use of a portable ladder in the early stages of a fire can often (3):

Answer 45

• Prevent loss of life
• Cut off fire extension
• Make FF’s task easier

Question 46

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #47)

If used properly, a ladder can simplify the task. Improperly used, it can be a:

Answer 46

Handicap

Question 47

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #48)

Factors that affect the selection and placement of a portable ladder:

Answer 47

• Reach
• Weight
• Nested or stored length
• Material of construction
• # of personnel required to place ladder into operation

Question 48

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #49)

By selecting the proper ladder for the task, you improve your unit’s efficiency, increasing:

Answer 48

The speed at which a task is accomplished.

Question 49

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Laddering (NC #50)

Fig. 7-9: The selection of portable ladders available to FFs must reflect:

Answer 49

The structures in the response area

Question 50

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations

Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #51)

Of all factors affecting ladder selection – whether for purchase or use, the most important item must be:

Answer 50

Its length

Question 51

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #52)

45’ & 55’ ladders require 5 ff’s to raise (6 if they’re wooden). Rooms byond the reach of any portable ladders & are inaccessible by aerial devices – that may be acceptable in bldgs of ___ construction, but not in which bldgs:

Answer 51

• Acceptable in bldgs of fire-resistive construction.

* Not acceptable in frame or ordinary construction bldgs without sprinklers or fire escapes.

Question 52

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #53)

Fig. 7-11: The selection of ladders for a department should only be made after a thorough survey of:

Answer 52

The entire community – looking for locations that are inaccessible to aerial devices, and careful consideration of alternatives.

Question 53

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #54)

The ladder compliment on apparatus should be consistent with:

Answer 53

The conditions encountered in the response area.

Question 54

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #55)

The NFPA requirement for total feet required for ground ladders is:

Answer 54

168’

Question 55

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #56)

When selecting ladders for length, the 1st consideration should go to ___ ladders:

Answer 55

Extension ladders

Question 56

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #57)

The nested length of a 2-section 35’ extension ladder is:

The 35’ extension ladder will replace which ladders:

Answer 56

• 35’ nested is 20’

* 28’ 24’ and in a pinch, a 20’

Question 57

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #58)

The ability to adjust a ladder to the required working length is a major plus for the extension ladder. The alternatives are:

Answer 57

• Carrying more ladders of various lengths -or-

* To use an incorrect ladder at an improper angle.

Question 58

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #59)

Selecting a length for the task depends to a large extent on the floor at which the task will be performed. Rule of thumb – from floor to floor, estimate height of residential bldgs & commercial bldgs is?

Answer 58

• Residential – 9’

* Commercial – 12’

Question 59

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #60)

An average windowsill is ___ above the floor is:

Answer 59

3’

Question 60

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #61)

Average window height is:

Answer 60

4’

Question 61

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #62)

You can begin to estimate the required length of your ladder by adding:

Answer 61

• Add length of residential bldg (9’ floor to floor) or commercial bldg (12’) +
• Average windowsill height of 3’ above the floor +
• A window height of 4’

Question 62

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #63)

Members must also have an idea of the intended use of the ladder. If a task is window entry, rescue, FF escape or hoseline advance, a shorter ladder may suffice than if ___ need to be performed:

Answer 62

• Ventilation or

* Overhaul of the exterior

Question 63

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #64)

Fig. 7-12: Select the right ladder for the job based on:

Answer 63

• The task &

* The floor to floor height of the structure

Question 64

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #65)

Fig. 7-12 (cont): Floor to floor height in residential buildings is typically:

Answer 64

9’

Question 65

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #66)

Fig. 7-12 (cont): Ladder placement →

• Venting from a ladder:
• For entry/exit:

Answer 65

• Venting – tip at top of window

* Entry/exit – tip just at or slightly below window sill

Question 66

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Factors Affecting Ladder Selection (NC #67)

A quick size up should indicate to the FF that the 2nd floor windowsill is about ___ above grade, while the 3rd story windowsill would be about ___ above grade (residential):

Answer 66

• 2nd – 12’ above grade

* 3rd – 21’ above grade

Question 67

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #68)

The proper Climbing Angle for a portable ladder is?

Answer 67

• 70 degrees

* (Puts climber in position to walk nearly erect while holding rungs or beams)

Question 68

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #69)

The 700 climbing angle eats up the vertical height of ladder since ladder must also cover a ___ distance.

Answer 68

Horizontal

Question 69

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #70)

The 70 degree climbing angle eats up the vertical height of ladder since ladder must also cover a horizontal distance. For this reason, a 12’ ladder won’t reach windowsill of 2nd floor. At 70 degree climbing angle, about ___ of ladder’s total length lost:

Answer 69

6%

Question 70

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #71)

At 70-degree climbing angle, 6% of ladder’s total length is lost. The remaining 94% is called:

Answer 70

The working length

Question 71

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #72)

The ‘working length’ of a ladder is:

Answer 71

• The height that the ladder will actually reach above grade

* (To reach 2nd floor windowsill requires reach of 13’)

Question 72

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #73)

To ensure proper climbing angle (70 degrees) – a quick estimate of ___ gives you the approximate location to place the butt of the ladder away from the bldg:

Answer 72

Estimate of the working height divided by 4.

Question 73

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #74)

When ensuring proper climbing angle and location for butt of ladder – take ___ (3) into account before placing butt of ladder on the ground:

Answer 73

• Eaves,
• Balconies,
• Other overhangs.

Question 74

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Climbing Angle (NC #75)

Take eaves, balconies or overhangs into acct before placing butt of ladder on ground. Set butt down at this location, hoist & lower ladder into position – check climbing angle by:

Answer 74

• Standing on bottom rung, then
• Reach out for rungs at chest height.
• If can touch w/ arms fully extended & without having to lean in/out of ladder → good angle
• (Idea is to achieve a comfortable & stable position, rather than a preset figure that requires a protractor to measure)

Question 75

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations

Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #76)

___ (what) will determine the proper location of a ladders tip:

Answer 75

The intended task for the ladder’s use

Question 76

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #77)

The intended task for the ladder’s use will determine the proper location of its tip. If ff is going to vent window by breaking it while working from a ladder – the best position for the tip of the ladder is:

Answer 76

• Even w/ the top of the window frame –

* Just off to the upwind side of the objective.

Question 77

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #78)

Placement of ladder tip for FF that is venting a window while working from the ladder does what 2 things:

Answer 77

• Allows M to ascend to a height from which the M can break the glass without being in its path as it falls.
• Keeps M’s hands high enough so that glass won’t slide down handle of tool.

Question 78

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #79)

Reason we are venting is to allow ___ (3) to escape:

Answer 78

• Heated gases, smoke & flame.
• (these usually at upper level of window – too high on the ladder & M can be caught in fire driven at them by shifts of the wind)

Question 79

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #80)

If entering or exiting through a window – proper location for the tip of the ladder will be at or just below the windowsill. This is because:

Answer 79

The entire width of the window is kept clear for ff – any other placement will impede an entry or exit.

Question 80

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #81)

Some recommend extending ladder 1 or 2 rungs into the window with the thought that a FF can looking for a route of escape will be able to see the ladder tip and move more quickly. The fact is that a ___ is more readily found under fire conditions than the ladder:

Answer 80

A vented window

Question 81

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #82)

What sends a signal that a window is an escape window, which also helps achieve superior ventilation (as opposed to placing ladder w/ 1-2 rungs into the window):

Answer 81

Completely clearing the window of glass and sash where the ladder is in placed

Question 82

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #83)

Avg. width of a residential window is:

Answer 82

30”

Question 83

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #84)

A FF with an air pack on is nearly ___ wide:

Answer 83

20”

there’s just enough room to fir a 16” wide ladder in the window opening

Question 84

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #85)

In addition, placing tip of ladder at the sill allows the M to climb onto it without

Answer 84

Rising up into the greatest area of heat or even fire (as do other methods), further reducing the chances of injury.

Question 85

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Proper Tip Placement (NC #86)

Fig. 7-13: Any ladder that a FF might be required to use as an escape route should be positioned (how):

Answer 85

With the tip at or just below the windowsill

Question 86

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #87)

Currently, most ladders in the fire service are made out of:

Answer 86

• Aluminum

* (lighter & require less maintenance than wood ladders, which have largely been replaced)

Question 87

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #88)

The lightweight of aluminum allows 1 person to handle most ladders up to ___ in length, both straight & extension.

Answer 87

Up to 20’ in length

Question 88

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #89)

2 members can handle a ___ ft aluminum ladder, if they butt it against the bldg while they raise it:

Answer 88

35’

Question 89

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #90)

The most common drawback of aluminum ladders is:

Answer 89

Electrical conductivity

Question 90

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #91)

Fig. 7-14: Aluminum ladders are great conductors of electricity. All ladders should be kept ___ or more (how far) from electrical lines, or extra precautions against electrical shock should be taken:

Answer 90

10 ft or more

Question 91

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #92)

Offering at least a partial solution to the problem - composite ladders, primarily used by electric companies (not yet fully caught on w/ fire service) have beams made of ___ and rungs of ___.

Answer 91

• Beams → nonconducting fiberglass
• Rungs → aluminum
• (composite ladders – weight is slightly heavier than aluminum ladders & load carrying capacity is comparable)

Question 92

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #93)

All ladders – wood, aluminum and fiberglass can conduct electricity if they are:

Answer 92

Coated with water

Question 93

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #94)

Always use extreme care when operating near:

Answer 93

Power lines

Question 94

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #95)

A drawback of both fiberglass and aluminum is their lack of resistance to:

Answer 94

Heat

Question 95

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #96)

The process used in manufacturing ___ ladders, requires heat treating

Answer 95

Aluminum

Question 96

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #97)

Process used in manufacturing aluminum ladders requires heat-treating. Subsequent exposure to high heat can weaken a ladder’s strength w/ out any outward changes in shape. The only visible evidence of loss of strength may be:

Answer 96

Subtle discoloration similar to bluing

Question 97

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #98)

If detect bluing on ladder or if ladder experiences direct exposure to flame, take it OOS until:

Answer 97

It can be properly tested.

Question 98

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #99)

NFPA for ground ladders (# & title)

Answer 98

• NFPA 32

* Std on Use, Maintenance & Service Testing of In-service FD Ground Ladders

Question 99

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #100)

NFPA 1932 requires a heat-indicating label on ea. section of new aluminum & fiberglass ladders. The label will change color when:

Answer 99

Exposed to dangerous temps (300 degrees F)

Question 100

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #101)

From NFPA 32 → A design load of ___ (weight) has been selected for most ladders, since it usually takes 2 FFs to remove a single unconscious person:

Answer 100

750 lbs.

Question 101

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #102)

From NFPA 32 → The working strength (of ladders) is explained by assigning an average weight of ___ for each person:

Answer 101

250 lbs – including fire apparel & SCBA

Question 102

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #103)

Load carrying capabilities, coupled with another requirement to facilitate safety and stability during any activity (but particularly rescue), results in ladders that are:

Answer 102

Heavier than the past

Question 103

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #104)

The 2nd feature common on all ladders purchased since 1984 in an increased width of the sections. Old ladders had sections as little as ___. Newer ladders are how wide:

Answer 103

• Pre – 1984: 12”

* 1984 & newer: 16” wide at narrowest point

Question 104

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Materials of Construction (NC #105)

A good working knowledge of (4 items pertaining to ladders) are a must before anyone is sent out to ladder a building:

Answer 104

• The ladder parts
• How they work
• Capacities
• Proper usage

Question 105

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #118)

Fig. 7-15: Carrying a power saw ___ (how) allows you to use both hands for the climb:

Answer 105

On a sling

Question 106

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #119)

8. When working on ladder, always used ___ to secure yourself:

Answer 106

Ladder locks or a ladder belt

Question 107

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #120)

Don’t overextend yourself. If necessary, reposition ladder. One of the easiest ways to fall from a ladder is to try to:

Answer 107

• Overextend your horizontal reach
• (sideways motion places great twisting stress on ladder, possibly causing ladder to spin - simplest way to avoid is to reposition the ladder)

Question 108

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #121)

10. Tie off base of ladder – secure ladder to bldg or other substantial object (rarely possible). With extension ladder - secure halyard to bed section when at proper height (acts as insurance for ladder locks). Alternative to securing ladder at base is:

Answer 108

Secure the tip

Question 109

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #122)

10 (cont): In the event that it is necessary to leave a ladder unattended, it should always be secured (where):

Answer 109

At the tip (tying off at the base won’t prevent it from being blown over sideways – especially true on lighter ladders)

Question 110

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #123)

11. Before stepping off ladder, be sure of:

Answer 110

• The stability of the area you’re about to enter

* Even if you can see the surface – use tool to probe area for strength

Question 111

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ladders (NC #124)

Portable ladders are very useful tools, allowing us to reach areas otherwise made inaccessible by:

Answer 111

• Fire,
• Structural Collapse, or
• Architectural designs.

Question 112

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #125)

Aerial devices add to a unit’s capabilities, but they shouldn’t be viewed as replacement for portable ladders. Aerial devices are commonly used for:

Answer 112

• Search
• Rescue
• Vent
• Roof access
• Heavy stream application
• Platforms for overhaul or inspecting

Question 113

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #126)

Certain tasks lend themselves to being performed by specific kinds of devices. Example - Ventilating windows on the front of a bldg is rapidly accomplished by using:

Answer 113

Aerial ladder.

Question 114

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #127)

(cfpc) Certain tasks lend themselves to being performed by specific kinds of devices. 2nd Example – removing an unconscious victim is far easier with an:

Answer 114

Elevating platform

Question 115

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #128)

Roof access is often required for ___ purposes:

Answer 115

Ventilation

Question 116

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #129)

For serious fires in larger bldgs, the initial roof crew may not be sufficient to complete all of the needed tasks. To supply reinforcements, an ___ is superior to an articulating boom or a tower ladder:

Answer 116

• Aerial ladder or ladder tower
• (same is true when need to evacuate large # of personnel from roof or other area – a continuous ladder is superior if they can climb on their own)

Question 117

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #130)

Fig: 7-18: A ___ consists of a basket attached to an aerial ladder:

Answer 117

Ladder tower

Question 118

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #131)

Fig. 7-19: A ___ has only a side-less escape ladder, which should only be used in an extreme emergency:

Answer 118

Tower ladder

Question 119

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #132)

Difference between a Tower Ladder & a Ladder Tower is?

Answer 119

• T/L – platform attached to a boom w/ built-in waterway & a side-less escape ladder (unsuitable for routing climbing bc lack of substantial sides).
• L/T – platform attached to end of aerial ladder w/ built-in waterway – designed around aerial ladder provides ready for climbing.

Question 120

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #133)

Ladder towers (Tr4) have lower wt carrying capacity than tower ladders (not on DFD), and have restrictions on how their master streams may be operated at lower ___ angles.

Answer 120

Boom

Question 121

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #134)

The most versatile master stream appliances on the fireground are:

Answer 121

Tower Ladders

Question 122

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #135)

T/L’s offer unrestricted master stream use at any angle or extension – making them the most versatile m/s appliance on fire ground. Tower ladder platform capacity is:

Answer 122

• 1000 lbs or more

* (capacity unaffected by boom angle, extension, or master stream use)

Question 123

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #136)

When training FF’s to position aerial apparatus, ___ & ___ must be considered:

Answer 123

• Type of apparatus &

* Task to be performed

Question 124

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #137)

(Positioning aerial apparatus): ___ & ___ require a clear line of sight from turntable to the objective:

Answer 124

• Aerial ladders &

* Telescoping platforms require

Question 125

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #138)

When trng FF’s to position aerial apparatus, type of apparatus & task to be performed must be considered. Articulating boom platforms may reach over some obstacles – but pose additional problem in that the boom:

Answer 125

Projects opposite the platform - may strike obstacles on the other side of the truck

Question 126

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #139)

Fig. 7-20: An articulating platform may be able to reach over obstructions – but you should keep it (and all aerials) at least how far away from wires?

Answer 126

10’

Question 127

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #140)

When extending an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so that ___ (#) rungs project above the level of the roof: This allows for (why):

Answer 127

At least 5 rungs project above level of roof.

Question 128

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #141)

When extending an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so that at least 5 rungs project above level of roof. This allows for (why):

Answer 128

• Allows for → greater visibility of escape route when conditions on rood start to deteriorate. In addition,
• Extra projection allows member to maintain firm handhold at normal standing position while mounting or dismounting the ladder.

Question 129

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #142)

When raising an aerial to the roof, the ladder should be extended so at least 5 rungs project above the level of the roof (reasons for are on previous notecard). Ladder itself should maintain ___ from the bldg:

Answer 129

An inch or 2 out from bldg

Question 130

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #143)

Placing ladder a 1” or 2” away from bldg avoids placing strain on? And allows?

Answer 130

• Avoids placing strain on parapet walls.
• Allows truss construction of ladder to perform as designed.
• (when ff’s wt is applied to ladder, beam will just rest of edge of roof)

Question 131

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #144)

Fig. 7-21: Aerial ladders should always be extended at least 5 rungs over the roof line, why:

Answer 131

• Makes them easier to find in darkness & smoke.

* Makes them easier to mount & dismount onto the roof.

Question 132

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #145)

When positioning aerial – important to make sure ladder is placed as ___ as to the bldg as possible.

Answer 132

• Square

* (if placed at an angle to bldg, 1 beam of ladder will contact bldg 1st)

Question 133

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #146)

Positioning aerial – important to make sure ladder is placed as square to bldg as possible. If ladder placed at an angle, 1 beam of ladder will contact bldg 1st. As climbing FF’s weight approaches tip, ladder will twist until other beam also rests on the edge of the roof. This is dangerous for 2 reasons:

Answer 133

• The twisting is a severe torsional load that can lead to ladder failure.
• As ladder twists, (far beam) pulls other beam (near beam) to the side it’s twisting toward → ladder can slide

Question 134

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #147)

To avoid twisting and ladder failure – position apparatus so:

Answer 134

• Turntable is inline w/ objective, then →

* Then rotate ladder until it’s perpendicular to the bldg.

Question 135

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #148)

Fig. 7-23: Failure to position an aerial square to the building leads to:

Answer 135

• 1 beam contacting the bldg 1st.
• This causes the ladder to slide sideways along the parapet wall.
• (potentially causing ladder failure)

Question 136

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #149)

When placing platform on roof – Member in basket can place it for the best location. If roof has no parapet wall, its best to place the basket (how):

Answer 136

Over the building - so that its just resting on the roof.

this allows FFs to step directly through platform gate onto the roof

Question 137

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #150)

If bldg has parapet of moderate height (3 – 6’), best placement for basket is:

Answer 137

Place top rail of platform basket just slightly above the top of parapet.

(this makes it easier for M’s climbing in or out of the basket)

Question 138

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #151)

Best placement of platform on bldg with unusually high parapet wall (more than 6’) is:

Answer 138

Best to relocate platform

Question 139

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #152)

Best placement of platform on bldg with unusually high parapet wall (more than 6’), it is best to relocate then platform. If not possible to relocate, you should gain access to roof by:

Answer 139

Gain access to roof directly from bucket (attic ladder secured to top sliding section of the boom)

Question 140

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Aerial Devices (NC #153)

1 special caution when talking about a telescoping boom with its basket on the roof, is to make certain that the basket has been:

Answer 140

• Raised up above the floor or parapet before retracting the boom –
• Otherwise basket can strike bldg (causes damage to apparatus & bldg as well as knock down parts of either onto people below).

Question 141

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #154)

When fire on a lower floor is blocking the escape from upper floors, the aerial device is a must. It allows us to:

Answer 141

• Get to the fire,
• Search for & cut off any extension,
• Search for & remove any victims.

Question 142

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #155)

VES is recommended more than the all-interior approach because:

Answer 142

The escape route is always on the outside of the building – which isn’t as likely to be cut off by extension.

Question 143

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #156)

VES – elevating platform is clear choice over an aerial ladder. Because:

Answer 143

• Basket is safer to work from when venting a window,
• If victim found, especially unconscious or disabled – its safer, faster & more efficient to take them down than an aerial,
• Basket is a better area of refuge – if conditions worsen, can quickly pile into basket.

Question 144

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #157)

Positioning a basket to a window requires a different technique from placing it on the roof. First, most platforms have ___ mounted on the center of the basket:

Answer 144

• Master stream nozzle

* (this can impede access to the basket at the center).

Question 145

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #158)

M/S nozzle can impede access to basket at the center, but front corners of basket are relatively unobstructed. When positioning elevating platforms for rescue, spot basket how:

Answer 145

• As close to bldg as poss.
• In-line w/ the window – this assures shortest distance of travel & places front corner of basket at the window.
• Top rail of basket is level w/ windowsill
• (Unless lineup is perfect - gates on basket can be disregarded – they’re narrow & aligning takes too much valuable time)

Question 146

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #159)

Fig. 7-25: When positioning platforms for rescue, spot the ___ in line with the objective:

Answer 146

Basket.

bottom of fig 7-25: when positioning elevating platforms, stop the apparatus with the basket in line with the victim

Question 147

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #160)

Place the basket so that the top rail is level with the windowsill, this (does what):

Answer 147

Makes it easier to enter the basket (& keep the people in the basket away from most of the smoke & heat emanating from the window).

Question 148

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #161)

Elevating platform gates – many of the gates only open ___, reducing the space available inside the basket:

Answer 148

Inward

Question 149

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #161)

Positioning aerial to window is similar to positioning it to:

Answer 149

The roof

Question 150

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #163)

Positioning aerial to window is similar to positioning it to the roof - In that rig should stop where: And tip of aerial should be located where? (for a rescue):

Answer 150

• Stop where turntable should be directly inline w/ window or objective,
• And ladder is perpendicular to bldg w/ tip of aerial being just below windowsill (if possible, leaving most of window free for access).

Question 151

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #164)

• Avg. residential window is how wide?
• The tip of most aerials is how wide?

Answer 151

• Res. window – 30” wide

* Tip of most aerials – 20 - 24” wide

Question 152

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #165)

Aerials make excellent ventilation tools, especially when manpower is at a premium →

• Procedures:
• Don’t attempt on/attack which types of windows:

Answer 152

• Put tip of aerial through top pane of glass & lower ladder - breaks sash and bottom pane.

• (don’t over extend ladder or attack any steel frame windows such as casement, can damage ladder)
• (never rotate ladder – can damage or get wedged in)

Question 153

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #166)

When using aerials as ventilation tools, ___ should be the only actions permitted:

Answer 153

• Extend through, then lower

* (never allow ladder to be rotated – can damage ladder &/or result in ladder getting wedged in the opening).

Question 154

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #167)

The scrub area may be defined as:

Answer 154

The amount of surface area that may be physically contacted by an aerial device.

Question 155

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #168)

Some aerials have greater scrub area than others. Aerial ladders & telescoping booms have greater s/a than ___ with length.

Answer 155

Articulating booms

Question 156

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #169)

Generally, the greater the working height of a device, the more scrub area it can cover. Scrub area determines:

Answer 156

The width & height an apparatus may be expected to cover for access, egress, platforms and the application of streams.

Question 157

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #170)

Positioning of apparatus has a direct bearing on the scrub area – further away from bldg, the less area the end of the stick can cover. While too close also reduces s/a because:

Answer 157

Apparatus may be too close to swing ladder or boom to lower floors – where it may be needed most.

Question 158

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #171)

The particular perfect distance for an aerial device to obtain its maximum scrub area varies depending on:

Answer 158

• Length of device &

* The number of telescoping sections.

Question 159

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #172)

More telescoping sections of boom for a given length means that each section is shorter. 4-section 75’ boom has greater s/a than 3-section 75’ boom, and more scrub area on lower floors than:

Answer 159

A three-section 85’ boom.

Question 160

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #173)

For articulating booms – scrub area and spotting distances are determined by:
The length of the bed section.
Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #174)

Fig. 7-27: Apparatus should not be positioned closer than ___ if the ladder is to be used on the lower floors:

Answer 160

The shortest nested length of the aerial device

Question 161

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #174)

Fig. 7-27: Apparatus should not be positioned closer than ___ if the ladder is to be used on the lower floors:

Answer 161

The shortest nested length of the aerial device

Question 162

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #175)

When placing apparatus for operation on lower 3 floors of a bldg – engineer must be cognizant of:

Answer 162

The vehicle’s profile and how it

affects the Movement of the aerial device

Question 163

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #176)

On mid-ship mounted devices, especially those w/ enclosed cabs – if you intend to reach lower floors, the absolute worst approach would be to ___:

Answer 163

Pull nose-first toward the bldg – since the cab will block the ladder or boom from descending to those levels

Question 164

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #177)

When positioning midship-mounted devices, the best scrub area is obtained by placing the apparatus:

Answer 164

• Just off & parallel to the objective.
• Angle the cab about 15 or 20 degrees away from bldg (gets cab out of way for lower angles – without swinging the back in the way)

Question 165

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #178)

Rear mounted devices suffer from pulling nose it, as do the midship trucks, but often not as severely, since they are usually built with ___ to allow for street clearance:

Answer 165

A lower profile cab

Question 166

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #179)

Best scrub area for rear mounted devices is obtained by -

Answer 166

Backing into position (may be impractical due to time and street congestion)

Question 167

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #180)

Fig. 7-28: The scrub area of a midship-mounted aerial may be partially blocked by the ___ of the apparatus:

Answer 167

Cab

Question 168

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #181)

Be sure to consider the location of the obstacle such as wires, utility poles and tress. A ___ is necessary for aerial & telescoping devices to be able to touch their objectives:

Answer 168

Direct line of sight from the turntable to the objective.

Question 169

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #182)

Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → First, is that they should be positioned for the ___ of the device:

Answer 169

Maximum benefit

Question 170

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #183)

Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → First - is that they should be positioned for the maximum benefit of the device. Its fairly common to see aerials blocked out of the proper positioning by engines. This shows poor:

Answer 170

Training

Question 171

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #184)

Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → 2nd guide is to spot the apparatus with ___ in mind:

Answer 171

The fire’s anticipated progress

Question 172

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #185)

Generally, as you approach bldg – slow down & observe conditions. If obvious conditions demand your locating at specific position (victim at a window) – spot accordingly. In the absence of any specific requirements, position the apparatus (where):

Answer 172

15’ past the corner of the bldg that you approached first.

Question 173

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #186)

Positioning apparatus 15’ past the corner of the bldg that you approached first allows the apparatus to be:

Answer 173

Driven forward if the need to reposition suddenly presents it self.

Question 174

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #187)

Fig. 7-30: If nothing demands a specific position on arrival – spot (how):

Answer 174

Turntable 15’ past the edge of the bldg you pass as you drive – that way you can drive forward if needed.

Question 175

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #188)

Guidelines for apparatus positioning that apply to all types of aerial devices → Review, the 2 guidelines are:

Answer 175

• Position for maximum benefit of the device &

* Spot apparatus with the fire’s anticipated progress in mind.

Question 176

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #189)

Safety & rules (should only be broken under the most extreme circumstances) → Keep 10’ or more from over head power lines. ___ coupled with ___ produces an excellent path for electric current:

Answer 176

Metallic frame of aerial devices - coupled with → direct contact between stabilizers and the ground

Question 177

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #190)

Direct contact with the charged object isn’t necessary. High voltages can arc considerable distances across:

Answer 177

Open air

(conditions on fire ground make it easier for the arcing to occur, given all the water flying around – creating a conductive film on surfaces that may not otherwise present an electrical hazard).

Question 178

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #191)

2nd safety rule is to never ___ or ___ any telescoping device, aerial ladder, ladder tower or tower ladder while a person is climbing on the ladder:

Answer 178

• Never extend or retract.

* (shifting rungs can cause severe crush injuries).

Question 179

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Vent, Enter, Search – VES (NC #192)

If conditions are such that people on the device are exposed to severe conditions, ___ should provide relief. To allow extending or retracting is to invite injury:

Answer 179

Rotating turntable or raising or lowering ladder.

review – the 2 safety rules were?

Question 180

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #193)

A well-done, efficient job of overhaul can –

• Save much:
• Prevent:
• Go a long way to improving:

Answer 180

• Save much hard work,
• Prevent embarrassment,
• Improving image of a FD.

Question 181

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #194)

A sloppy overhaul job (does what 3 things):

Answer 181

• Wastes personnel,
• Can upset citizenry,
• May result in additional fire damage.

Question 182

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #195)

Overhaul is any action taken to:

Answer 182

Expose hidden fire and extinguishment.

Question 183

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #196)

Overhaul is any action taken to expose hidden fire and extinguishment – Purpose of overhaul is:

Answer 183

To guard against rekindling of the fire after the fire department has left the scene

Question 184

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #197)

Which is often more serious, a rekindle or the original fire:

Answer 184

Rekindle

Question 185

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #198)

A rekindle is often more serious than the original fire → area has probably been vacated, holes have been made in walls/ceilings, windows open, delayed call to 911, etc – all of these allow:

Answer 185

Fire to spread rapidly if it goes undetected.

Question 186

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #199)

Where to open → Overhaul may be performed in which phases:

Answer 186

• Pre-control

* Post-control

Question 187

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #200)

Where to open → Pre-control overhauling is done while:

Answer 187

Fire still has upper hand

Question 188

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #201)

Where to open → Pre-control overhaul, performed under difficult conditions of heat, steam & visibility. There is additional pressure to ___ during pre-control overhaul:

Answer 188

Get ahead of the fire and cut off its extension

example of: pulling ceiling to expose a traveling fire in an attic or cockloft

Question 189

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #202)

Fig. 7-31: Pre-control overhauling involves opening up all void spaces where fire is trying to outflank you. ___ is important, as is knowledge of ___, to get ahead of the fire:

Answer 189

• Speed is important – as is,

* Knowledge of building construction.

Question 190

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #203)

Where to open → At this stage (pre-control), personnel is thinly spread & speed is of the essence, so openings may have to be made based on an officer’s judgment of:

Answer 190

Likely fire spread – rather than any indication of fire.

Question 191

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #204)

Where to open → If an opening is made that doesn’t show fire, it means:

Answer 191

FF’s have gotten ahead of the fire – can now move back towards the source.

Question 192

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #205)

Where to open → Conversely, if opening is made and fire is found – then firefighters may have to:

Answer 192

Drop back to position a line to cut off further extension.

Question 193

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #206)

Where to open → Knowledge of ___ will often tip off a FF about where to open up:

Answer 193

A building’s construction

Question 194

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #207)

Where to open → In almost all non-fireproof bldgs, once fire has heavily involved a kitchen on bathroom - it’s essential to examine the floor above bc presence of:

Answer 194

• The presence of pipe shafts that accommodate water, sewer & vent pipes.
• (fire will climb rapidly up shafts if it enters that kind of void space)

Question 195

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #208)

Fig. 7-32 & 33: ___ voids often connect vertically and horizontally…creating mazes for the extension of fire.

Answer 195

Plumbing

Question 196

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #209)

Where to open → Fire will also spread in many older brick-and-wood joist bldgs that are built around a skeleton of steel I-beams - which are also known as:

Answer 196

Channel rails

Question 197

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #210)

Where to open → The enclosure around these steel columns is often combustible, being framed out with:

Answer 197

• Wood lath
• (its often more difficult to pinpoint the location of these columns than it is to find the kitchen sink or toilet – so fire can go undetected for some time)

Question 198

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #211)

Where to open → Its vital to check any shafts for extension since they provide built-in highways for extension from the bottom of the bldg right to the top. When checking them, don’t forget:

Answer 198

The base of the shaft – since embers drop down.

Question 199

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #212)

Where to open → After vertical voids are checked for fire extension, the most important areas to examine are:

Answer 199

Horizontal voids such as cocklofts

Question 200

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #213)

Which one is faster → horizontal spread or vertical spread:

Answer 200

Vertical spread

Question 201

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #214)

Where to open → Fire may spread from floor to floor around exposed pipes, but FF’s can see it. Fires in voids such as ___ are concealed from view & pose a greater potential for trouble:

Answer 201

Cocklofts

Question 202

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #215)

Where to open → It used to be common to find horizontal voids only (where in bldgs):

Answer 202

Only on the floor directly below the roof – that is the top floor.

Question 203

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #216)

Where to open → It used to be common to find horizontal voids only on the floor directly below the roof – that is the top floor. This is no longer true because:

Answer 203

• Lightweight parallel-chord trusses that support floors are common &
• Ceiling heights have been lowered for reasons of energy conservation

Question 204

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #217)

Used to be common to find horizontal voids only on floor directly below roof – top floor. No longer true bc (1 of few reasons) lightweight parallel-chord trusses that support floors are common. The area between ___ is now 1 open truss loft:

Answer 204

Ceiling and floor above

Question 205

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #218)

Fig. 7-34: A serious problem with lightweight truss construction is the ___ it creates at each level:

Answer 205

Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings.

Question 206

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #219)

Ceiling heights have been lowered for reasons of energy conservation. Usually, this is evident in:

Answer 206

Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings.

Question 207

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #220)

Older bldgs that originally had 9, 10 or 11’ ceilings have often been modernized – leaving ___ exposed and ___ hung several feet below:

Answer 207

• Wooden joists
• Hung ceilings
• (many times – these voids are interconnected w/ vertical plumbing voids – making any fire that extends into any of these spaces difficult for FFs)

Question 208

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #221)

Where to open → The next location to examine after vertical shafts and horizontal voids is -

Answer 208

• Floor directly over fire – a quick look at fire area will help FFs find likely points of extension.
• (if lack such info – examine poke-throughs like radiator supply pipes, or examine base boards of walls)

Question 209

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #222)

Knowledge of ___ can assist in picking out likely areas of extension:

Answer 209

Building construction

Question 210

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #223)

Fig. 7-35: All poke-throughs must be examined. ___, ___ & ___ are all paths for fire travel:

Answer 210

• Pipe chases,
• AC ducts,
• Electrical conduits.

Question 211

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #224)

Where to open → Cellar fire in old, wood frame house would dictate examining where and why:

Answer 211

Exterior walls – since there’s a possibility that house was built of balloon frame const.

Question 212

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #225)

Fig. 7-36 & 37: Balloon framing allows fire to travel along ___. A fire originating in the cellar will rapidly extend past the 1st floor, to the attic.

Answer 212

Exterior walls

Question 213

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #226)

A cellar fire in a brick & wood joist apartment house would require greater emphasis on examining (where & why):

Answer 213

Interior partitions - since exterior walls are brick with a plaster coating.

(the plaster will likely be furred out on wooden strips – but these small voids do not interconnect as often as the larger plumbing voids & channel rails – which are found in interior partitions).

Question 214

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #227)

Sensing Fire → Post-control overhaul is:

Answer 214

A less hurried, more detailed examination for the slightest bit of remaining fire.

Question 215

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #228)

Fig. 7-38: ___ is a crucial, laborious process required to ensure the fire has been hunted down:

Answer 215

Post-control overhaul

Question 216

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #229)

Sensing Fire → PC overhaul – Cause time isn’t as critical, the openings should be made in more thorough manner, paying more attention to ___ rather than speed:

Answer 216

Reducing unnecessary damage rather than speed.

Question 217

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #230)

Sensing Fire → Post control overhaul – Generally, openings made at this stage should be justifiable to:

Answer 217

Both to firefighters & the property owner.

Question 218

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #231)

Sensing Fire → To decide what a justifiable opening is, firefighters must use their ___. Starting with ___.

Answer 218

5 senses,

starting w/ sight:

Question 219

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #232)

Sensing Fire → To decide what a justifiable opening is, firefighters must use their 5 senses, starting w/ sight. As a guide, normal Class A combustibles that are showing ___ (color of ash) on the surface are still hot enough to ignite:

Answer 219

• White or gray ash

* (will turn solid black when doused w/ water)

Question 220

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #233)

Sensing Fire → The rule of thumb (from previous nc), applies equally to almost all Class A materials, even though:

Answer 220

No open flame or glowing embers are visible

Question 221

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #234)

___ are probably the greatest advance in overhauling since the invention of the Halligan tool.

Answer 221

Thermal Imaging Cameras (TICs)

Question 222

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #235)

Thermal Imaging Cameras (TICs) allow FFs to view a:

Answer 222

Visual image of heat (letting them move directly to its source).

Question 223

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #236)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → TICs are a great adjunct to FF’s for both searching for:

Answer 223

Life & hidden fire

Question 224

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #237)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → In some cases, as in New Jersey, advocates of the fire service have been able to convince people that an investment in the devices would pay for itself in terms of:

Answer 224

• Reduced property damage,
• Lives saved and,
• Fewer injuries.

Question 225

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #238)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → Without TICs, normal examination techniques for searching for hidden fire include:

Answer 225

• Looking for discoloration,
• Feeling walls,
• Opening baseboards,
• Poking small holes in ceilings.

Question 226

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #239)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → Inconsistent smell of burning (comes and goes) is usually a sign that the smoke is being moved by:

Answer 226

Items such as HVAC units or elevators traveling in shafts.

Question 227

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #240)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → Elevators can create a ___ effect when they travel in an enclosed shaft:

Answer 227

Piston

Question 228

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #241)

Thermal Imaging Cameras → Hearing is 2nd sense ff’s use to determine when & where to open up (sight is 1st). If crawl into a smoke-filled area and don’t see any fire, ___ will often be the honing device, leading them right to the fire:

Answer 228

The snap, crackle, pop that accompanies combustion

Question 229

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #242)

TICs → Just cause FFs don’t see flame doesn’t mean they don’t have a problem. On the contrary, that they can hear the noise at all means that:

Answer 229

They have an open burning fire – Call for a charged hoseline immediately. Poking just 1 hole into a ceiling or wall at that stage can allow fire to blossom uncontrollably into the room.

Question 230

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #243)

TICs → Lacking outward signs of fire like crackling or open flame, and lacking a TIC – ff’s must rely on their sense of:

Answer 230

Touch – requires both caution and experience.

Question 231

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #244)

TICs → Sense of touch (requires caution and experience) - Ignition temperatures of common combustibles are in the range of:

Answer 231

400 degrees F

Question 232

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #245)

TICs → Sense of touch – human skin begins to develop burns at:

Answer 232

A little more than 120 degrees F

Question 233

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #246)

TICs → When considering whether to open a wall or surface, a good guideline to use, if no other indications are present, is the ___ rule:

Answer 233

15-second, 2 minute rule.

Question 234

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #247)

TICs → Even if a TIC shows an indication of heat, use some discretion, since a TIC will show objects with less than __ of temperature difference to be hot to an inexperienced user:

Answer 234

• 1 degree F

* (hot water or steam pipe in wall can cause such difference)

Question 235

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #248)

TICs → Feel that area for heat if there’s no urgent need to open up, no crackling noise, no smoke pushing and no increase in temp. The FF places an ungloved hand on the suspect surface. If warmth is present & no other signs, then -

Answer 235

FF might not want to open that area

Question 236

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #249)

TICs → Generally, if FF can leave their bare hand on the surface for 15 – 20 sec w/ out undue discomfort – there’s no immediate need to open up. Just to be sure to do what:

Answer 236

• Same FF → Perform the same evaluation approximately 2 min later.
• (If wall is same or warmer – open it up. If area has cooled to the touch – probably won’t have to be opened, if no other problems indicated).

Question 237

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #250)

TICs → The 4th and least used sense that ff’s use for overhauling is:

Answer 237

Smell

Question 238

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #251)

TICs → Knowing that the overhauling stage produces the most ___ at a fire, and that all other toxic gases will have cooled & lost their buoyancy, smarter FFs will wear their SCBA well into the operation – which hinders their sense of smell:

Answer 238

Carbon monoxide

Question 239

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #252)

TICs → By wearing SCBAs, FFs preserve:

Answer 239

• Their sense of smell &

* Their lungs.

Question 240

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #253)

TICs → Sense of smell – well into the overhaul stage, after the bldg has been ventilated, this sense can be useful for distinguishing between:

Answer 240

Steam & a smoldering ember

Question 241

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #254)

TICs → ___ is the final sense that firefighters should use in overhauling:

Answer 241

Common sense

Question 242

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #255)

TICs → If firefighters are must make a mistake, they should make it on the side of:

Answer 242

Safety

Question 243

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #256)

TICs → Last sense that ff’s should use for overhauling is common sense. Order of senses used for overhauling is:

Answer 243

1. Sight
2. Hearing
3. Touch
4. Smell
5. Common sense

Question 244

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #257)

Opening Up → If a fire was ‘localized’ this means:

Answer 244

Fire was caught before flashover

Question 245

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #258)

Opening Up → If knocked fire was localized (ex – mattress/couch) – opening up can be confined to:

Answer 245

The immediate vicinity of the object or the object itself.

Question 246

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #259)

Opening Up → Learn to distinguish between smoke and soot stains and actual char. Objects that are charred will have to be:

Answer 246

Doused with water and then opened up.

a sharp knife helps overhauling mattresses & stuffed furniture

Question 247

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #260)

Opening Up → Items such as mattresses & couches should be removed outside for overhauling – eliminates large source of smoke from fire area & safeguards from re-ignition. 3 statements of caution when transporting items out for final mop up:

Answer 247

1. Be careful of how job is done. Items should be wet thoroughly & visible flame extinguished. Roll in bundle to reduce surface area exposed to fresh air. FFs in PPE/SCBA – items can burst into flames as they reach door/window & hit fresh air.
2. Never remove partially extinguished items through elevator.
3. Don’t throw smoldering debris out windows into areas inaccessible or out of sight of M’s outside.

Question 248

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #261)

Opening Up → If fire room has been subject to flashover, with substantial damage to the entire area, FFs can simplify the overhauling task by making opening in:

Answer 248

Logical sequence

Question 249

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #262)

Opening Up → Most interior finishes provide a reasonable degree of:

Answer 249

Fire retarding value – plasterboard as well as plaster on wire lath & even wood will hold back a lot of fire if they are intact.

Question 250

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #263)

Opening Up → When seeking out hidden fire just after a room is knocked by hose stream – the 1st openings should be made near:

Answer 250

Already existing openings through the plasterboard or plaster – where fire is likely to have penetrated first.

Question 251

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #264)

Opening Up → Continued from previous card – open up around ___ (3). All of these are preexisting holes, often covered cosmetically by a thin plate of wood, plastic or sheet metal:

Answer 251

• Ceiling light fixtures,
• Pipes that protrude,
• Electric outlets.

Question 252

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #265)

Opening Up → All man-made openings are covered cosmetically by thin plate of wood, plastic or sheet metal. If fire found in these areas, areas that must also be examined are:

Answer 252

• Adjoining bays between joists
• (bc fire can follow openings made in joists for utilities – FFs must continue opening up successive bays until they find bays without evidence of charring – Also, each bay must be checked in both directions until it shows clean wood).

Question 253

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #266)

Opening Up → FFs must continue opening up successive bays until they find bays without evidence of charring – Also, each bay must be checked in both directions until it shows clean wood. Be especially alert for:

Answer 253

Intersecting vertical openings – where fire can climb up and out of your view.

Question 254

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #267)

Opening Up → Safe practices for pulling ceiling include wearing full protective clothing & SCBA and (2 others)

Answer 254

• Make sure area clear below of ff’s &

* Position self properly to do the work.

Question 255

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #268)

Opening Up → You should have a ___ in mind when you make the openings:

Answer 255

Means of egress

Question 256

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #269)

Opening Up → Plasterboard has been known to come down in full sheets of what size?

Answer 256

4’ x 8’

Question 257

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #270)

Opening Up → If you suspect extreme damage to the ceiling construction, it’s a good idea to make 1st openings from:

Answer 257

The doorway (if anything goes wrong, ff’s won’t be caught under falling ceiling)

Question 258

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #271)

Opening Up → Difficult ceiling to pull is tin ceiling. Originally installed as a:

Answer 258

Fire retardant

Question 259

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #272)

Opening Up → Difficult ceiling to pull is tin ceiling. Originally installed as a fire retardant. It consists of:

Answer 259

Embossed sheet metal nailed to ceiling joists or other supports

Question 260

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #273)

Opening Up → tin ceiling – provides great deal of resistance to ___. The sheet metal also resists ___ when attempting to poke through it:

Answer 260

• Pulling.

* Conventional hooks & pike poles.

Question 261

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #274)

Opening Up → The most effective method of opening tin ceilings is to:

Answer 261

• Begin at seam between sheets or other openings (such as light fixture or around a pipe).
• Then pull back along the length of each sheet.

Question 262

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #275)

Opening Up → Tin ceiling – With smoke, locating seam can be nearly impossible. When visibility is poor, feel for seems at ___ or locate ___ that may be extended:

Answer 262

The walls or locate any poke throughs such as pipes or light fixtures that may be extended.

Question 263

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #276)

Opening Up → Tin ceiling – tool that has proved to be most useful for this purpose (pulling back tin ceiling) is:

Answer 263

• Halligan tool
• (its uniquely shaped head allows you to get a purchase at the edges at the edges or seams – and a large surface area that reduces tearing through the metal, but allows pulling the nails).

Question 264

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #277)

Opening Up → A ___ fires, it is usually easier to push down tin ceilings from the roof, than it is to pull them from below:

Answer 264

Top floor fires

Question 265

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #278)

Fig. 7-43: Tin ceilings are difficult opponents. Use ___ to gain a purchase for your hook or pike pole:

Answer 265

Preexisting openings around pipes or light fixtures

Question 266

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #279)

Opening Up → A final consideration in overhauling is knowing when to:

Answer 266

Bldg damaged so severely that to enter would pose undue risk of death or injury

Question 267

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #280)

Opening Up → Final consideration on overhaul, knowing when to stop. There are certain cases when a officer should be willing to accept a rekindle. Example:

Answer 267

Bldg damaged so severely that to enter would pose undue risk of death or injury

Question 268

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #281)

Opening Up → Using the hose stream to wash down entire areas is also known as:

Answer 268

Hydraulic ventilation

Question 269

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #282)

Opening Up → Using hose stream to wash down entire areas or hydraulic ventilation – although it’s a tempting option, you must consider the damage that accompanies it. ___ is an obvious factor:

Answer 269

Runoff water

Question 270

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #283)

Opening Up → In most situations, if a material is only smoldering, opening around it and using a little water will be far superior to:

Answer 270

Not opening it & trying to drown it out

Question 271

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #284)

Opening Up → Hydraulic overhauling may sometimes be required in occupied blgs where fire has:

Answer 271

Charred abutting wooded structural members & it would be impractical to remove the pieces.

(This may be the case where fire has burned the roof joists & ridgepole of a peaked roof bldg).

Question 272

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #285)

Opening Up → hydraulic overhauling – using small-gallonage nozzle (on example on previous card) at a relatively high pressure can drive a stream into:

Answer 272

Cracks between the joists & the ridge or other crevices.

Question 273

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #296)

• Also mention to the owner:
• Be certain to mention:

Answer 273

• Any actions FD took to control utilities, either to prevent or reduce damage.
• Whether a sprinkler or other vital system is still shut down.

Question 274

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #297)

___ speeds up the shutdown process, especially when you encounter multiple controls:

Answer 274

Portable radios

Question 275

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #298)

Proper procedures include sending __ (#) members to shut down utilities:

Answer 275

2 members – since this often involves forcing entry into a locked area.

(a 2nd person should be sent even if f/e isn’t required)

Question 276

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #299)

Shutting down utilities often means sending members to:

Answer 276

Areas that are remote from the main activity.

(a member working alone is vulnerable to everything from electrical shock to getting mugged – 2nd member, even if unable to assist, can call for help)

Question 277

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #300)

Members sent to cellars to shut down utilities must be equipped with ___, even if the fire is on the 1st or 2nd floor.

Answer 277

Masks – can be consumed by CO

Question 278

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Overhaul (NC #286)

Opening Up → Take advantage of hydraulic overhauling at fires in vacant bldgs where:

Answer 278

Water damage is nonexistent & the dangers to firefighters are substantial.

Question 279

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #287)

Salvage is a very broad topic that encompasses nearly every action taken on the fireground by engine & truck personnel, reducing the damage from all perils (which perils):

Answer 279

• Fire,
• Smoke,
• Water damage,
• Extinguishment &
• Weather.

Question 280

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #288)

Salvage begins (when), if it is made a conscious part of the FF’s attitude:

Answer 280

• Moment of arrival
• (examples – try before you pry prevents unnecessary damage to doors, and shutting down line when don’t see any fire reduces needless water damage)

Question 281

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #289)

At times, FFs view heavily damaged rooms & its contents as only so much refuse. In fact, many items within the debris may be useful or critical to the owner regardless of degree of damage. All members must be instructed to view the bldg as if:

Answer 281

It were their own home & they were uninsured for the loss.

Question 282

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #290)

When time permits, before pulling ceilings, protect as much material as possible by covering it. Examples are:

Answer 282

• In bedroom – throw blankets back & cover valuables (tv, radio, etc) with blanket on bed.
• Open top drawers & sweep in contents from top & close
• Use salvage covers – if unavailable, consider using curtain from bathroom until cover arrives.

Question 283

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #291)

Salvage tactics (cont): Another useful tactic is to open a small hole in a ceiling, thereby allowing:

Answer 283

Accumulated water to run off – water that might otherwise soak in and cause the entire ceiling to fall later.

Question 284

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #292)

Salvage tactics (cont): If possible, when making openings for examination, make them where they will be:

Answer 284

The least damaging – example: if suspect fire in partition between 2 room – 1 side may be open & other may be kitchen with cabinets → if possible check side opposite of kitchen first.

Question 285

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #293)

Salvage tactics (cont): Even taking up hoselines can have an effect on damage. Things to do with hoselines to minimize damage are:

Answer 285

• Take couplings outside before breaking apart and draining the line.
• In high-rise, may be able to drain lines into a sink or tub before uncoupling.
• In high-rise, stairwell usually better place for water as opposed to letting it trickle to occupied areas.

Question 286

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #294)

Before leaving, turn premises over to owners or their representative. Make the responsible person aware of such items as:

Answer 286

Broken windows or holes in roof so they may arrange for repairs.

Question 287

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Salvage (NC #295)

Before leaving & when turning premises over to owners – It is an excellent idea to present owners with a copy of (booklet):

Answer 287

• After the Fire! Returning to Normal
• 16 pg - Distributed by USFA
• Developed w/ assistance from Hollywood, (FL) FD.
• Contains tips on salvage & actions to take
• Explanation on why it seems like FD created damage

Question 288

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #301)

When performing the actual tasks of shutting down utilities, members should have at least a basic familiarity with:

Answer 288

The mechanics of the operation – if possible send someone with relevant expertise.

Question 289

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #302)

Electricity – can pose severe danger to FFs on the fireground and may require utility personnel to handle safely. Although ___ (3) are useful tools for life saving purposes, you shouldn’t rely upon them:

Answer 289

Lineman’s gloves, sleeves and mats

Question 290

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #303)

Always assume that wires are:

Answer 290

Live, high-voltage conductors.

Question 291

Ch. 7: Norman – Ladder Company Operations
Section: Control of Utilities (NC #304)

Immediately request response of the utility company. The FD can use some routine disconnects to remove prior to their arrival, but if you are unsure -

Answer 291

Wait for assistance