ch 7- families of organic compounds Flashcards
1
Q
addition reaction
A
a reaction in which one molecule combines with another molecule to form a larger molecule
2
Q
alkane
A
hydrocarbon that contains only single carbon to carbon bonds
3
Q
alkene
A
hydrocarbon with at least one double carbon to carbon bond
4
Q
alkyne
A
hydrocarbon with at least one triple carbon to carbon bond
5
Q
carbon chain
A
linear set of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon
6
Q
homologous series
A
series of hydrocarbons with a similar chemical structure and chemical properties
7
Q
hydrocarbon
A
compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
8
Q
organic compounds
A
compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to H, N, P or O atoms
9
Q
saturated hydrocarbon
A
a hydrocarbon possessing only single bonds bewteen carbon atoms
10
Q
substitution reaction
A
one atom or group of atoms replacing a part of another molecule
11
Q
unsaturated hydrocarbon
A
a hydrocarbon possessing at least one double bond between atoms
12
Q
organic
A
when a molecule is an organic molecule, it is carbon based and may be either naturally or synthetically produced
13
Q
homologous series are similar as:
A
they have similar physical and chemical properties
a similar structure
the same general formula
14
Q
alkane: general formula
A
CnH2n+2
15
Q
alkene: general formula
A
CnH2n
16
Q
alkyne: general formula
A
CnH2n-2
17
Q
alkanes: structure
A
chain like sequence of carbons with single bonds only- saturated
18
Q
alkanes: uses
A
fuels
cooking oils
solvents for chemical manufacturing processes
19
Q
alkanes: physical properties BLIC
A
boiling/melting point depends on chain length (more carbons, harder it is to break)
less dense than water
insoluble in water
colourless
20
Q
alkanes: chemical properties
RUC
A
relatively unreactive
can undergo substitution reactions under UV light
combustible
21
Q
alkenes: structure
A
chain like sequence of carbons with one or more double bonds- unsaturated
22
Q
alkenes: use
A
precursors in many chemical manufacturing processesp
23
Q
alkenes: physical properties
A
similar to alkanes but can differ depending on the amount of double bonds present:
boiling/melting point depends on chain length (more carbons, harder it is to break)
less dense than water
colourless
insoluble in water
24
Q
alkenes: chemical property- RIA
A
reactive
incomplete combustion
addition reactions readily
25
alkane vs alkene boiling point
alkanes>alkenes
Since alkene molecules have two less electrons than an alkane of the same number of carbons, its dispersion force is slightly weaker.
26
alkyl group
a side chain attached to the parent carbon chain, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
27
nomenclature
system developed in order to identify organic compounds
28
parent chain
longest continuous chain of carbon-carbon bonds
29
parent name
component of systematic name that refers to the length of the parent chain
30
structural isomers
isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in a different spatial arrangement
31
naming convention of simple saturated hydrocarbons
indicate the number of carbons in the parent chain (e.g. prop-)
indicates the type of bondingbetween the carbons in the carbon chain (e.g. -ane)
e.g. propane
32
carbon chain length: 1
meth-
33
carbon chain length: 2
eth-
34
carbon chain length: 3
prop-
35
carbon chain length: 4
but-
36
carbon chain length: 5
pent-
37
carbon chain length: 6
hex-
38
carbon chain length: 7
hept-
39
carbon chain length: 8
oct-
40
carbon chain length: 9
non-
41
carbon chain length: 10
dec-
42
naming convention of unsaturated hydrocarbons
number of carbons in the parent chain (pent-)
position of the carbon to carbon double/triple bond (-2-)
types of bonding between carbons in the parent chain (-ene)
e.g. pent-2-ene
43
names of alkyl groups: 1 carbon
methyl
44
names of alkyl groups: 2 carbons
ethyl
45
names of alkyl groups: 3 carbons
propyl
46
names of alkyl groups: 4 carbons
butyl
47
names of alkyl groups: 5 carbons
pentyl
48
naming convention of branched hydrocarbons
the position of the side group (3-)
type of side group (-methyl)
number of carbons in the parent chain (hept)
type of bonding in the parent chain (ane)
e.g. 3-methylheptane
49
naming convention of a hydrocarbon contining multiple side groups
the position of each side group- (2,2)
the total number of the same side groups present- (di)
the type of side group (methyl)
number of carbons in the parent chain (prop)
type of bonding in the parent chain (ane)
e.g. 2,2-dimethylpropane
50
breakdown of the naming of complex organic compounds
position of each side group (3,4)
indicate the number of side groups (di)
the type of side group (methyl )
number of carbons in the parent chain (pent)
position of the functional group (2)
type of functional group present (ene)
e.g. 3,4-dimethylpent-2-ene
51
alcohol
organic compound that has a hydroxyl- OH- group bonded to a carbon atom in the parent chain
52
carboxylic acid
organic compound that contains a carboxyl functional group -COOH
53
carboxyl group
functional group that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group
54
functional group
specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound
55
haloalkane
organic compound that has one or more halogen atom bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain
56
halogen
element in group 17 of the periodic table- F, Cl, Br, I
57
hydroxyl group
functional group consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH)
58
haloalkanes: properties
BILI
boiling point is high due to strong intermolecular forces ( EN)
length increases, halogen strength diminishes
identify the parent chain to add the respectie prefix
59
alcohol: properties
BISLI
BP is high
intermolecular forces are strong- polar hydroxyl group
soluble in water
length increases, influence of hydroxyl group diminishes
identify the parent chain and add the suffix- ol
60
carboxylic acids: properties CLID
combine paernt name and the suffix OIC ACID
length increases, influence diminishes
intermolecular forces are strong because of a polar carboxyl group
dimers can be formed and has strong hydrogen bonds
61
62
boiling point of functional groups ranked
1. carboxylic acids
2. alcohols (once it reaches above 10 chain length then its chloroalkanes)
3. chloroalkanes
4. alkanes
63
biomass
any organic material made of plant or animal matter
64
crude oil
mixture of differently sized hydrocarbons found in underground deposits and used as a resource
65
ecosystem
community of life forms interacting with their environment
66
fossil fuel
hydrocarbon containing material formed in the Earths crust from plant and animal remains
67
non renewable
unable to be naturally replenished
68
organic chemical
any compound that contains carbon-carbons and/or carbon-hydrogen bonds
69
petrochemical
derived crude oil
70
renewable
comes from sources that naturally renew themselves at a rate that allows them not to be depleted
71
sustainable
can be produced at a rate that is greater than consumption without compromising future generations
72
sustainable
can be produced at a rate that is greater than consumption without compromising future generations
73
synthesise
produce a chemical through reaction with other compounds
74
synthetic
produced artificially by humans using chemical reaction
75
production of crude oil
1. ocean- 300-400 million years ago
2. ocean- 100 million- plant and animal remains, with heat and pressure on top
3. modern day- accessed by drilling, sand silt and other rocks, crude oil deposits
4. oil refinery- smaller hydrocarbons on top and larger hydrocarbons on the bottom
5. factory- hydrocarbons synthesised into more complex organic chemicals
76
PVA- polyvinyl acetate
etheyl ethanoate- produced from ethene according to the process:
C2H4 extracted from crude oil -> C2H4 converted into vinyl acetate C4H6O2-> vinyl acetate units combined to form PVA glue (C4H6O2)n
77
paracetamol
C8H9NO2
can be synthesised from petroleum or from coal tar, itself a product of coal
one of many pharmaceuticals traditionally derived from fossil fuels
78
extraction of crude oil is primarily achieved through onshore and offshare drilling which can:
* disrupt ecosystems and destroy habitats of plants and animals,
* cause spillage of crude oil into water sources, potentially contaminating water
supply (figure 7),
* and destroy sites of cultural and aesthetic significance.
79
are crude oils a finite resources
it is a non renewable source and unless other sources of organic chemicals are used, these fossil fuel derived products will become increasingly expensive and eventually inaccessible in years to come
80
ethanol- renewable
fuel and common solvent in products
produced from fermentation of crops like corn and sugar cane and are grown in massive fields
simple and inexpensive palnt based production method is now respomsible for the vast majority of the world's industrial ethanol production
81
starch- renewable
can be dry roasted to produce dextrin glue, an inexpensive adhesive commonly used in cardboxes and bottle labels
82
taxol- paclitaxel
major chemotherapy medication used to treat breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
it can be synthesised from crude oil products but the process is prohibitively expensive on a commerical scale
found in the bark of the pacific yew tree and its extraction is the primary source of the drug
83
typical process and impacts of producing organic chemicals from plant based biomass at an industrial scale
large land area cleared to make room for crops- less land to grow food/ecosystem disruption
crops constantly harvested and replanted to meet high demand- damage to soil, intensive labour needed
additives from fossil fuels often needed for finish product- reliance on fossil fuels, high overall cost
84
barriers to a widespread adoption of plant based organic chemicals in the industry
* prohibitive production cost e.g. plant-based paracetamol,
* large areas of land often need to be cleared to grow feedstock e.g. ethanol,
* less generality of usage, unable to replace certain chemicals
e.g. high-strength glue,
* often require petrochemical additives e.g. indigo dye,
* and, worker exploitation in farming chemicals for which there is high demand
e.g. saffron dye.
85
adhesivity
property of being sticky
86
bioaccumulation
phenomenon of increasing contaminant concentration in an organism over time
87
biomagnification
phenomenon of higher contaminant concentration in organisms higher in the food chain
88
carcinogenic
having the potential to cause cancer
89
food chain
series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
90
inertness
property of being unreactive
91
inhalant
chemical whose vapours can be concentrated and breathed in to produce intoxication, contrary to its intended usage
92
microbeads
manufactured microplastics less than 1mm in length used in exfoliating products and toothpastes
93
microplastics
polluting fragments of plastic less than 5mm in length
94
ozone layer
layer within stratosphere with high concentration of ozone- O3- that absorbs UV radiation
95
solvent
substance that dissolves another substance
96
stratosphere
layer of earths atmosphere 20-50km above sea level
97
example of an organic solvent
- 1,1,1- tirchloroethane is an organic solvent once used in household cleaning products and as a machine degreaser
- once considered the least toxic haloalkane solvent
- often abused as an inhalant to produce dizziness
- regualar inhalation of the solvent can have a carcinogenic effect- small amounts can induce irregular heartbeat and potential respiratory arrest
- when it enters the stratosphere it releases chlorine that catalyse the breakdown of O3 and O2
- responsible for depleting the ozone layer, removing a vital safeguard from skin cancer
98
example of organic compounds- food
- xylitol C5H12O5
- as sweet as sugar but with 40% less energy, may reduce cavities
- has laxative effect if mass consumed
99
examples of organic compounds- pesticides
- DDT- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is a pesticide
- posed significant harms for ecosystems primarily due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification
- those higher on the foodchain has a lower survival rate and devastating populations
- domino effect- banned in agriculture worldwide
100
examples of organic compounds- medicines
morphine- C17H19NO3
- found naturally in the resin of opium poppies
- prescribed for severe acute or chronic pain- improve end of life quality for the terminally ill
- highly addictive and abused
- morphine and compounds used to synthesise it are controlled by governments and are illegal for non authorised persons to possess
101
examples of organic compounds- salicylic acid
- common ingredient of skincare projects due to its exfoliating properties
- for aesthetic benefit and can be used to treat conditions like warts
- have microbeads that pass through sewage systems and enter oceans and waterways
- microbeads ingested by animals-biomagnification
102
examples of organic compounds- synthetic fabrics
- nylon is a class of polymer
- used to make clothing, fishing nets, cables and more
- high tensile strength
- non flammability
- high durability
- light weight
- water resistance
- produces microplastics with the same risks as microbeads
103
examples of organic compounds- car parts
- PVC- polyvinylchloride
- used in car dashboards and in the interior
- flame retardant
- soft- effective shock absorbers and help reduce injuries
- environmentally harmful and unrecyclable and the vinyl chloride is a notable carcinogen
104
examples of organic compounds- artificial hearts
- durability- must last for years withou damage
- intertness- musn't conduct electricity or react with bodily fluids
- flexibility- must be able to slightly change shape in response to movement
- adhesivity- must be textured and enable red blood cells to stick
105
process by which most synthetic organic chemicals are produced.
1. drill cude oil, a mixture of hydrocarbons from underground deposits
2. hydrocarbons are separated by size and those of an appropriate size for the chemical are extracted
3. extracted hydrocarbons react with other compounds to synthesise more complex organic chemicals
106
empirical vs molecular vs structural vs semistructural vs skeletal
empirical- most simplified
molecular- actual number of atoms e.g. C6H12O6
structural- with the branches
semistructural- CH3CH2CH3
skeletal- /\\/\/\
107
Is Carbon dioxide(CO2), carbonate(CO3), bicarbonate(HCO), and carbonic acid(H2CO3) considered organic compounds
Carbon dioxide(CO2), carbonate(CO3), bicarbonate(HCO), and carbonic acid(H2CO3) are not considered organic compounds
