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E-Commerce > Ch. 7: Ethical, Social & Political Issues > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Ethical, Social & Political Issues Flashcards

1
Q

The major ethical, social and political issues that have developed around e-commerce can be divided into 4 major dimensions:

A
  1. information rights
  2. property rights
  3. governance
  4. public safety & welfare
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2
Q

information rights

A

what rights to their own personal info do individuals have in a public marketplace or private homes or about business firms and other organizations

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3
Q

property rights

A

how can traditional intellectual property rights be enforced in an Internet world where perfect copies of protected word can be made and distributed in seconds

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4
Q

governance

A

should the Internet and e-commerce be made subject to public laws; what law-making bodies have jurisdiction

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5
Q

pubic safety and welfare

A

what efforts should be undertaken to ensure equitable access to the Internet and e-commerce channels

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6
Q

ethics

A

the study of principles that individuals and organizations can use to determine right and wrong courses of action

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7
Q

What are the 4 principles or all ethical schools of thought?

A
  1. responsibility
  2. accountability
  3. liability
  4. due process
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8
Q

responsibility

A

as free moral agents, individuals, organization and societies are responsible for the actions they take

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9
Q

accountability

A

individuals, organizations and societies should be held accountable to others for the consequences of their actions

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10
Q

liability

A

a feature of political systems in which a body of law is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems or organizations

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11
Q

due process

A

a process in which laws are known and understood and there is an ability to appeal to higher authority to ensure that the laws have been correctly applied

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12
Q

The 8 ethical principles

A
  1. Golden Rule
  2. universalism
  3. slippery slope
  4. collective utilitarian principle
  5. risk aversion
  6. no free lunch
  7. New York Times test (perfect information rule)
  8. social contract rule
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13
Q

Golden Rule

A

do unto others as you would have them do unto you

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14
Q

universalism

A

if an action is not right for all situations, then it is not right for any specific situation

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15
Q

slippery slope

A

if an action cannot e taken repeatedly, then it is not right to take at all (once you start down a slippery path, you may not be able to stop)

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16
Q

collective utilitarian principle

A

take the action that achieves the greater value for all society

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17
Q

risk aversion

A

take the action that produces the least harm, or the least potential cost

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18
Q

no free lunch

A

all in/tangible objects are owned by someone else unless there is a specific declaration otherwise (the owner will want credit)

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19
Q

New York Times test (perfect information rule)

A

assume that the results of your decision will be on the cover of the NYT the next day

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20
Q

social contract rule

A

would you like to live in a society where the principle you are supporting would become the organizing principle of the entire society

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21
Q

privacy

A

the moral right of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals or organizations, including the state

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22
Q

information privacy

A

the claim that certain info shouldn’t be collected at all and that individuals should control the use of whatever info is collected about them

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23
Q

There are 2 kinds of threats to individual privacy posed by the Internet

A
  1. private sector: how much personal info is collected by commercial websites and how it will be used
  2. public sector: how much personal info organization the federal, state, and local govt. authorities collect and how they use it
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24
Q

(PII) personally identifiable info

A

any data that can be used to identify, locate or contact an individual

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25
Q

anonymous info

A

demographic + behavioral info that doesn’t include any identifiers

26
Q

profiling

A

the creation of digital images that characterize online individual and group behavior

27
Q

anonymous profiles

A

identify people as belonging to highly specific and targeted groups

28
Q

personal profiles

A

add a personal e-mail address, postal address & or phone number to behavioral data

29
Q

Patriot Act

A

designed to combat terrorism inside the US; permits nearly unlimited govt. surveillance w/o court oversight

30
Q

4 privacy-related torts defined in US court decisions involving claims of injury to individuals caused by other private parties

A
  1. intrusion on solitude
  2. public disclosure of private facts
  3. publicly placing a person in a false light
  4. appropriation of person’s name or likeness for a commercial purpose (mostly concerning celebrities)
31
Q

informed consent

A

consent given w/knowledge of all material facts needed to make rational decisions

32
Q

opt-in model

A

requires an affirmative action by the consumer to allow collection and use of customer info

33
Q

opt-out model

A

the default is to collect info unless the consumer takes affirmative action to prevent the collection of data

34
Q

What are 3 of the FTC’s functions

A
  1. conducts research on online privacy and recommends legislation to Congress
  2. promotes efficient functioning of the marketplace by protecting consumers from unfair or deceptive practices
  3. increases consumer choice by promoting competition
35
Q

FTC’s Fair Info Practices

A
  1. notice/awareness
  2. choice/consent
  3. access/participation
  4. security
  5. enforcement
36
Q

safe harbour

A

a private, self-regulating policy and enforcement mechanism that meets the objectives of govt. regulators and legislation but doesn’t involve govt. regulation or enforcement

37
Q

3 types of intellectual property protection (to balance):

  • public interest: intellectual expression
  • private interest: rewarding creators
A
  1. copy right
  2. patent
  3. trademark law
38
Q

copyright law

A

protects original forms of expression from being copied by others for a minimum of 70 years

39
Q

Doctrine of Fair use

A

under certain circumstances, permits use of copyrighted material w/o permission
-depends on: character, nature, amount, market effect and context of use

40
Q

Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998

A

the first major effort to adjust the copyright laws to the Internet age

  • practical encryption can now by broken by hackers
  • control behavior of ISPs to counter host infringing websites
41
Q

patent

A

grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years

  • protects the idea not just the expression of the idea
  • protects machines, man-made products, compositions of matter and processing methods
42
Q

trademark

A

mark used to identify and distinguish goods and indicate their sources

43
Q

What 2 things do trademarks protect

A
  1. the public in the marketplace by ensuring that it get what it pays for and wants to receive
  2. the owner agains piracy and misappropriation
44
Q

infringement

A
  • market confusion: use of a trademark that creates confusion w/existing trademarks
  • bad faith: intentional misuse of of words and symbols to extort revenue
45
Q

dilution

A

any behavior that would weaken the connection between the trademark and the product

46
Q

Anti-cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)

A

creates civil liabilities for anyone who attempts in bad faith to profit from existing famous/distinctive trademarks by registering an Internet domain “dilutive” to that trademark

47
Q

cybersquatting

A

the registration of an infringing domain name or other Internet use of an existing trademark for the purpose of extorting payments from the legitimate owners

48
Q

cyberpiracy

A

involves the same behavior as cybersquatting but w/the intent of diverting traffic from the legitimate site to the infringing one
-typosquatting: a form in which a domain name contains a common misspelling of another site’s name

49
Q

linking

A

building hypertext links from one site to another

50
Q

deep linking

A

bypassing the target site’s homepage and going directly to a content page

51
Q

framing

A

displaying the context of another site inside your own website within a frame or window

52
Q

The evolution of governance

A

1970-1994: government control
1995-1998: privatization
1995-present: self-regulation
1998-present: government regulation

53
Q

Can the Internet be controlled?

A
  • monitored and regulated from network access points and through servers & routers + regulated ISPs
  • access to nearly all Internet communications
54
Q

How should online retailers be taxed

A

in states in which they operate with a physical presence

55
Q

net neutrality

A

all internet traffic is treated equality (charged the same rate) by Internet backbone owners (regardless of how much bandwidth is being used)

56
Q

What 3 pricing mechanisms are used to achieve a rationing of bandwidth?

A
  1. tap pricing/speed tiers
  2. usage-based billing/congestion pricing
  3. highway (toll) pricing
57
Q

tap pricing

A

putting caps on bandwidth usage, charging more for additional usage in tiers of prices

58
Q

speed tiers

A

charging more for higher speed Internet service

59
Q

usage-based billing

A

charging on the basis of metered units of Internet service

60
Q

congestion pricing

A

charging more for peak hour Internet service

61
Q

highway (toll) pricing

A

charging service providers (like Netflix) for their use of the Internet based on their bandwidth use

62
Q

What organizations are intact to protect children

A
  1. CDA: Communications Decency Act
  2. CIPA: Children’s Internet Protection Act
    protecting children from online pornography

E-Commerce (5 decks)

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