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Anatomy & Physiology > CH 7 & CH 8 Skull > Flashcards

CH 7 & CH 8 Skull Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bone

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2
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Acid-base balance, Blood formation, Protection (viscera), support

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3
Q

Calcification

A

deposition of calcium salts

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4
Q

What shape bone are vertebrae?

A

Irregular Shape

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5
Q

Ossification

A

process in which dense regular connective tissue hardens to form bone

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6
Q

Compact Bone

A

Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together

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7
Q

Diaphysis of long bone is made of what bone type?

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

Spongy (trabecular) Bone

A

always enclosed by more durable compact bone. Found in epiphysis of bones, distinguished by trabeculae

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9
Q

Eiphysis

A

expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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11
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Allows the passage of blood vessels into the bone

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12
Q

Perforating Fibers

A

Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

cells that build new bone and are located in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum

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14
Q

Diploe

A

spongy bone tissue sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone in the skull

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

connective tissue surrounding external surface of a bone

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16
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that become osteoblasts

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17
Q

What hormone do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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18
Q

Endosteum

A

layer of connective tissue lining internal surfaces of bones

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19
Q

Canaliculi

A

narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae in osseous tissue

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20
Q

Functions of Osteocytes

A

act as strain sensors to adjust bone shape and density to adapt to stress, also resorb bone, and deposit bone

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21
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

Osteolysis (kill osteocytes)

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22
Q

Substance that makes up part of matrix of the bone

A

Calcium phosphate salt (part of the inorganic matter)

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23
Q

By dry weight, most of the matrix of bone is made of…

A

inorganic matter

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24
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

produce the organic component of bone matrix

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25
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric rings of compact bone (the layers of bony matrix)

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26
Q

Where are lacunae located?

A

between the lamellae

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27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces

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28
Q

What makes up the inorganic part of bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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29
Q

Haversian or Central Canal

A

channel that extends longitudinally through the center of an osteon

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30
Q

Organic matter of bone matrix

A

constitutes 1/3 of dry weight, synthesized by osteoblasts and contains collagen and various protein-carbohydrate complexes

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31
Q

Inorganic matter of bone matrix

A

2/3 of dry weight, made up of about 85% hydroxyapatite (crystalized calcium phosphate salt)

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32
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

the irregular regions between osteons that contain the remains of old osteons

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33
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

fills space between trabeculae in the epiphysis of a long bone (aka Myeloid Tissue) contains hemapoietic stem cells that generate red blood cells

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34
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Found in medullary (marrow) cavity of the diaphysis

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35
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in children?

A

In almost every bone. As an adult, it changes to yellow bone marrow

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36
Q

What is yellow bone marrow made of?

A

adipose cells that store energy (fat)

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37
Q

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

A

axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdle

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38
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Release

A

stimulated by low blood calcium level , raises blood calcium level

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39
Q

Calcitriol

A

raises blood phosphate levels

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40
Q

How are most fractures repaired?

A

By closed reduction (reset and held in place with a cast)

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41
Q

Stress Fracture

A

fracture in a healthy bone caused by abnormal trauma like a fall

42
Q

Open Reduction

A

when surgery is needed to reset a fracture

43
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

defect in collagen deposition that causes bones to be exceptionally brittle

44
Q

Osteomalacia

A

softening of the bone due to decrease in mineralization

45
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

an infection of the bone

46
Q

Orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with bone disorders

47
Q

Osteitis Deformans

A

Excessive osteoclast proliferation resulting in weak, deformed bones (Paget Disease)

48
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

forms within a tendon due to stress (ex Patella)

49
Q

Head

A

prominent expanded end of a bone that is sometimes round

50
Q

Spine

A

a sharp, slender, or narrow process of a bone

51
Q

Alveolus

A

a pit or socket (tooth socket)

52
Q

Fossa

A

a shallow, broad, or elongated basin

53
Q

Fovea

A

a small pit

54
Q

Sulcus

A

a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel in cranium

55
Q

Condyle

A

a rounded knob that articulates with another bone

56
Q

Facet

A

a smooth, flat, articular surface

57
Q

Crest

A

a narrow ridge

58
Q

Epicondyle

A

an extended region superior to a condyle

59
Q

Line

A

slightly raised, elongated ridge

60
Q

Protuberance

A

a bony outgrowth or protruding part

61
Q

Tubercle

A

a small, rounded process

62
Q

The Sinuses

A

Spheniod, ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary

63
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

add resonance to the voice and lighten the anterior portion of the skull

64
Q

Calvaria

A

the group of bones that form the roof and walls of the skull

65
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

houses frontal lobe

66
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

houses temporal lobes

67
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Houses cerebellum

68
Q

Bones of the Cranium

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones

69
Q

Glabella

A

smooth, flat bone between supraorbital bones

70
Q

Tympanic part of temporal bone

A

features the external acoustic meatus and the styloid process

71
Q

Squamous part of temporal bone

A

flat and vertical part that contains the zygomatic process and mandibular fossa

72
Q

Mastoid Part of temporal bone

A

posterior to tympanic part, filled with small air sinuses that communicate with middle ear cavity. Features mastoid process and mastoid foramen

73
Q

Petrous part of temporal bone

A

contains the internal acoustic meatus and the middle and inner ear cavities and carotid canal and jugular foramen

74
Q

Styloid Process

A

provides a site of attachment on the temporal bone for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone

75
Q

Stylomastoid foramen

A

passage in temporal bone for facial nerve

76
Q

Occipital condyles

A

where the skull rests on the vertebral column

77
Q

Mastoid Process

A

prominent bump behind and below the ear that is filled with small air sinuses and serves as an attachment for major neck muscles

78
Q

Inferior Nuchal Line

A

attachment site for some deep neck muscles

79
Q

Lesser wing of Sphenoid bone

A

forms posterior margin of the anterior cranial fossa

80
Q

Greater wing of the sphenoid bone

A

forms one half of the middle cranial fossa and part of the lateral surface of the cranium

81
Q

Sella turcia

A

saddle-like prominence in the body of the sphenoid bone that houses pituitary gland

82
Q

Cribiform plate

A

thin medial plate of bone that forms the superior part of the nasal septum

83
Q

Crista Galli

A

attachment site for dura mater

84
Q

Superior nasal conchae

A

has sensory cells of smell

85
Q

within the nasal septum, the perpendicular plate is part of…

A

the ethmoid bone

86
Q

Palatine Process

A

processes of maxillary bone that forms the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate

87
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

located between the maxillary and ethmoid bone and forms part of medial wall of orbit

88
Q

Mental protuberance

A

chin

89
Q

Nasal Septum

A

formed by Vomer and ethmoid bones

90
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

malleus, incus, and stapes. One set of 3 in each middle ear cavity. Part of the 7 bones closely associated with the skull but not apart of it. 7th bone is Hyoid bone (only bone in body that doesn’t articulate with another bone. It is suspended above larynx but cartilage attached at sphenoid bone)

91
Q

What does the mandiublar condyle articulate with?

A

the mandibular fossa

92
Q

4 prominent fontanelles

A

anterior, posterior, sphenoid, and mastoid

93
Q

Trochanter

A

to massive processes unique to the femur

94
Q

Tuberosity

A

a rough, elevated surface

95
Q

Process

A

any bony prominence

96
Q

Canal

A

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

97
Q

Fissure

A

a slit through a bone

98
Q

Foramen

A

a hole through a bone, usually round

99
Q

Meatus

A

a canal (associated with the ear)

100
Q

Sinus

A

an air filled space in a bone

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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