Ch 1 & Atlas A Flashcards
Our hands are ____ because they can encircle an object such as a branch or tool. The presence of an _________ is important to this.
prehensile, opposable thumb
Set Point
the middle point in a dynamic equilibrium
Deduction
process by which a medical researcher predicts what the results of an experiment will be if their hypothesis is correct
Scientific Theory
founded on a large body of evidence and summarizes what is already known
Where would pain from the gallbladder be felt?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
What does the Urinary System do?
regulates blood volume, controls acid-base balance, and stimulates red blood cell production
Mesenteries
the translucent membranes that suspend the intestines and hold them in place
Retroperitoneal
Organs that lie within the abdominal cavity but not within the peritoneal cavity. They lie behind (retro/posterior) to the peritoneal cavity
Where would the liver be found?
extends from the hypochondriac region to the epigastric region
Is the heart in the pericardial cavity?
No, the heart is enfolded by the pericardial cavity but not contained within it
The kidneys
Retroperitoneal
What quadrant is the Sigmoid Colon in?
Lower Left Quadrant (LLQ)
Where would you feel pain from an appendicitis?
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Section
actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
plane
imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Sagital Plane
Passes vertically, dividing the body into right and left segments
Median (midsagital) Plane
divides the body into equal right and left segments
Frontal (coronal) Plane
extends vertically diving the body into anterior and posterior segments
Transverse Plane
passes across body perpendicular to vertical axis; divides body into superior and inferior segments
3 main body planes
Sagital, Frontal (coronal), and Transverse
Definition of directional terms
describe location of one structure relative to another
2 Main Body Regions
Axial & Appendicular
Cephalic Region
head
Facial Region
Face
Cervical Region
Neck
Thoracic Region:
Sternal Region - sternum , Pectoral Region - pectoral muscle
Umbilical Region
Navel (bellybutton)
Abdominal Region
Abdomen
Inguinal Region
Groin
Pubic Region
Pubis / external genitalia
Femoral Region
Thigh
Patellar Region
Knee
Crural Region
Shin
Tarsal Region
Ankle
Plantar Region
Sole of foot
Acromial Region
Shoulder
Axillary Region
Armpit
Brachial Region
Arm
Cubital Region
Anterior elbow pit
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal Region
Wrist
Palmar Region
Palm
Coxal Region
Hip
Cranial Region
skull (posterior)
Nuchal Region
posterior neck
Interscapular Region
Between the scapula (shoulder blades)
Scapular Region
Shoulder blade (scapula)
Vertebral Region
Spinal column
Lumbar Region
Loin (Lower back)
Sacral Region
between the hips
Gluteal Region
buttock
Perineal Region
region between the anus and external genitalia (taint)
Femoral Region (Posterior)
Thigh
Popliteal Region
posterior pit behind the knees
Crural Region (posterior, aka sural region)
calf
Tarsal (posterior)
ankle
Calcaneal Region
Heel
Axial Region
Consists of head, neck, and trunk. Trunk is divided into Thoracic Region (superior to diaphragm) and Abdominal Region (inferior to diaphragm)
4 Quadrants of abdomen
RUQ LUQ
RLQ LLQ
9 Regions of abdomen
R Hypochondriac Region Epigastric Region L Hypochondriac
R Lumbar Region Umbilical Region L Lumbar Region
R Inguinal Region Hypogastric Region L Inguinal Region
Appendicular Region
Consists of the upper and lower limbs
Upper Limb Components
Arm (Brachial) , Forearm (antebrachial) , wrist (carpal) , hand , and fingers (digits)
Lower Limb Components
Thigh (femoral) , leg (crural) , ankle (tarsal) , foot, and toes (digits)
Segment
region of limb between one joint and the next
Body Cavities Definition
Lined with a membrane and contain internal organs (viscera)
Visceral and Parietal Layer Definitions
Visceral = inner layer against organ , parietal = outer or more superficial layer
List of Major Body Cavities
Cranial, Vertebral Canal, Thoracic (pleural and pericardial cavities) , Abdominopelvic (abdominal & pelvic cavities)
Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal
Cranial Cavity is enclosed by the cranium which houses the brain. Continuous with the vertebral canal which is enclosed by the vertebral column, they are connected. Both lined with 3 membrane layer called the Meninges.
Thoracic Cavity
Superior to the diaphragm. Lined with a serous membrane
Mediastinum
Thick median wall the divides the thoracic cavity in half, separates the lungs. Region between the lungs containing the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea & bronchi, and thymus gland
Pericardium
2 layer membrane that enfolds the heart.
Visceral layer - inner layer that forms surface of the heart
Parietal layer - outer layer
Pericardial Cavity - separates the 2 layers and is filled with pericardial fluid that lubricates the cavity and allows for free movement of the heart
Pleura
2 layer membrane enclosing each lung.
Visceral Pleura - external surface of the lung
Parietal Pleura - lines the inside of the ribcage
Pleural Cavity - narrow space between the 2 layers that is filled with pleural fluid that lubricates the cavity and allows for movement of lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains the abdominal cavity (superior) and the pelvic cavity (inferior). The brim is a bony landmark of the pelvis that marks the beginning of the pelvic cavity. The abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous; there is no physical wall separating them. Pelvic cavity is notable narrower and tilts posteriorly
Periotoneum
2 layered serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Parietal Peritoneum - outer layer, lines the cavity wall
Visceral Peritoneum - along the posterior midline, the parietal layer turns inward and becomes the visceral peritoneum suspending some abdominal viscera from body wall, covering their outer surfaces, and holding them in place.
Peritoneal Cavity
Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneums, lubricated by peritoneal fluid
Intraperitoneal
organs encircled by the peritoneum and connected to the posterior body wall
Mesentery
name for the visceral peritoneum at points where is forms a membraneous curtain suspending and anchoring viscera
Serosa
name for peritoneum where it enfolds and covers outer surfaces of organs like stomach and small intestines
Posterior Mesentery
suspends intestines from posterior abdominal wall
mesocolon
posterior mesentery of the large intestine
Greater Omentum
fatty membrane that hangs from inferolateral side of the stomach and covers intestines like an apron
Lesser Omentum
extends from superiormedial part of stomach to liver
potential spaces
under unusual circumstances membranes that are normal pressed tightly against one another may separate and fill with fluid or other matter
Integumentary System (organ & funtions)
Organs: skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
Functions: protection, thermoregulation, water retention, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Skeletal System (organs & functions)
Organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments
Functions: support, movement, blood formation, protective enclosure of viscera, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance
Muscular System (organs & functions)
Organs: skeletal muscles
Fuctions: movement, stability, production of heat, communication, control of body openings
Lymphatic System (organs & functions)
Organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsil
Functions: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease
Respiratory System (organs & functions)
Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of CO2, acid-base balance
Urinary System (organs & functions)
Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume & pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid & electrolyte & acid-base balance, detoxification
Nervous System (organs & functions)
Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia (clusters of nerve cells)
Functions: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control & sensation
Endocrine System (organs & functions)
Organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
Functions: hormone production, internal chemical communication & coordination
Circulatory System (organs & functions)
Organs: heart, blood vessels
Functions: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Digestive System (organs & functions)
Organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Functions: nutrient breakdown & absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.
Male Reproductive System (organs & functions)
Organs: testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis
Functions: production & delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Female Reproductive System (organs & functions)
Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Functions: production of eggs; site of fertilization & fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones
Rostral
toward the forehead or nose
Caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
part of a hip bone is an _____ , while the final portion of the small intestine is the ____.
ilium, ileum
First anatomist to publish an Atlas of anatomy
Vesalius
