Ch 7-9 Flashcards
Epiphysis
(long Bone Structure)
Ends of bone
Diaphysis
(Long Bone Structure)
Shaft
Articular Cartilage
(long bone structure)
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis
Periosteum
The membrane covering the bone.
Medullary Canal
Cavity in diaphysis containing yellow marrow
Endosteum
Membrane lining medullary canal and other internal surfaces.
Compact Bone
[Dense] continuous matrix with no gaps that provides protection and support ~ forms external layer of all bones.
Spongy Bone
[Cancellous] Branching plates (trabeculae) with lots of space filled with red marrow ~ found at ends of long bones and inside short, flat, irregular bones.
Immature bone-forming cells that secrete collagen, matrix
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells, maintain
Osteocytes
Destroy bone for development, growth, repair
Osteoclasts
Blood vessels and nerves run longitudinally through ____ ?
Haversian canals
Where bone occurs in layers around central canals
Lamellae
____ connect lacunae to each other and to central canal.
Canaliculi
: any of the small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that lie perpendicular to and communicate with the haversian canals
Volkman’s Canals
Internal struts (branching plates) have no central canal. Has nourishment from red marrow.
Trabeculae
What are the soft spots of the skull?
Fontanels
________ is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. Also called growth plate. Responsible for long bone growth.
The epiphyseal plate
_______ is a major loss of bone mass that leaves bones prone to fracture. More frequent in women partially due to drop in estrogen levels after menopause.
Osteoporosis
the red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells.
It is found in the cavities of many bones, including flat and short bones, bodies of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and articulating ends of long bones.
Red marrow
________ bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular
is found in the medullary canal – the hollow interior of long bones.
Yellow marrow
what is the difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that reseamble a membrane.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.
Simple fracture
Bone does not penetrate skin
Compound fracture
Bone does penetrate skin
Impacted fracture
Fragments driven together
Green stick fracture
Incomplete
Displaced fracture
Bones out of alignment
Spiral fracture
Caused by twisting
Which three vitamins are needed for proper bone function?
Vitamin D, A, & C
Vitamin D
Needed for proper calcium absorption
Vitamin A
Osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Vitamin C
Collagen synthesis
(Somatotropin) by anterior pituitary gland stimulates division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plate
- overproduction: gigantism
- underproduction- dwarfism
- excess in humans: acromegaly (big hands, feet, jaw)
Growth Hormone
Modulate activity of the growth hormone so proportions are correct
Thyroid hormones
(Testosterone & estrogen) stimulate growth and development, then ossify epiphyseal plates
Sex hormones
Helps regulate bone remodeling
Serotonin
(From food and UV light exposure) stimulates calcium absorption from the small intestine
Vitamin D
From parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels low
Increases calcitriol formed
Parathyroid hormone
Increase release of calcium from bone to blood by increasing osteoclast activity
Stimulates kidneys to release less calcium into the urine by increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys tubules
Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol act together
Physical stress stimulates bone _____?
Strengthens bone
Bones of the head, neck, & trunk
Axial skeleton
Bones of the arms and legs, pelvic and pectoral girdle
Appendicular skeleton
Mucus lined air-filled openings in 5 skull bones
- lightens skull
- enhances voice quality
- warms and humidifies air
Paranasal sinuses
Cavities with eyes, muscles, lacrimal, glands formed by parts of 7 bones
Orbits
Allows passage of spinal cord
Foramen magnum
the topmost vertebra of the backbone, articulating with the occipital bone of the skull.
No body or spinous process
C1
Atlas
The second bone of the vertebrae (C2), which contains a distinct bony protuberance, the odontoid process (dens), on which the first cervical vertebra (C1), which carries the head, rotates.
Axis
Suture that is between parietal bones
Sagittal suture
Suture that is between frontal & parietal bones
Coronal suture
Suture that is between occipital and parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture
Suture that is between temporal and parietal bones
Squamous suture
The bone that separates the 2 nasal cavities ___?
Vomer bone
What bone does not articulate with any other bone?
Hyoid bone
CTLSC (some tell lies, some care)
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Found in the neck
7
Cervical vertebrae
Found in the chest
Articulate with ribs
12
Thoracic vertebrae
Located under thoracic vertebrae & in the curvature if the spine
5
Lumbar vertebrae
Located in the pelvic
1
5 fused bones
Sacrum
Located in the pelvic/ tailbone
1
4 fused bones
Coccyx
First 7 pair of ribs
Join directly to sternum with costal cartilage
True ribs
Pairs 8-10 of ribs
Join indirectly to costal cartilage
False ribs
Pair 11-12 of ribs
Do not join at sternum at all
Floating ribs
What bone is the collar bone?
Clavicle
What bone is the shin bone?
Tibia
What bones are the wrist bones? (8 each)
Carpals
What bone is the heel bone?
Calcaneus
What bones are finger bones?
Phalanges
What bone is the kneecap?
Patella
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur
What are the bones that are the ankle bones?
Tarsal bones
A _______ (joint) is a point of contact between two or more bones
Articulation
Bundles of collagen that connect bone to bone and reinforce joints
Ligaments
Any of the ligaments associated with a synovial joint but separate from and external to its articular capsule.
extracapsular ligament
ligaments located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.
intracapsular ligaments.
a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
Tendon
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g., the knee.
Meniscus
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.
Bursa
: In medicine, a ring of fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage) around the edge of the articular (joint) surface of a bone. The term —— is used in anatomy to designate a lip, edge, or brim.
Labrum
The tendons of the muscle that surround the joint. Surrounds all of joint except the inferior aspect (weakest part)
The rotator cuff
Displacement of a bone from a joint with the tearing of ligaments, tendons and articular capsule
Dislocation
Inflammation of bursa due to overuse or stress
Bursitis
Inflammation of joints.
Arthritis
Inflammation of tendon
Tendinitis
fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. the principal role of the fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. Also nourishes cartilage, lubricates, reabsorbs fluid
Synovial fluid
Joint function of synarthroses joint
Immovable
Joint function of amphiarthroses joint
Partially moveable
Joint function of diarthroses joint
Freely movable
Structural joint that has no joint cavity; bones joined by fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous
Structural joint that has no joint cavity; bones joined by cartilage
Cartilaginous
Structural joint that has a synovial (joint) cavity present; bones are surrounded by articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments
Synovial
Fibrous joint that has a thin layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue that joins skull bones
Suture
Fibrous joint that has cone shaped pegs that fit into socket
-roots of teeth held in by periodontal ligaments
Gomphosis
Fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue and bones are not held together as tightly as a suture
Occurs between tibia and fibula and between radius and ulna
Syndesmosis
Cartilaginous joint Synarthrosis Connecting material is hyaline cartilage Temporary: epiphyseal plate(ossifies) Permanent: many bruin and first rib
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous joint Amphiarthrosis Disc of fibrocartilage between bones Intervertebral disks Pubic symphysis
Symphysis
(synovial joint)
Articulating surfaces are flat
Glides back and forth and side to side
Rotation is prevented
Inter carpal, intertarsal, between vertebrae, sacroiliac
Gliding joint
(synovial joint)
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
Monaxial- in one plane
Elbow, knees, fingers
Hinge joint
(synovial joint)
A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament
Rotation
Monaxial
Atlas/axis; radius/ulna
Pivot joint
(synovial joint)
An oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone
Variety of motion in different planes
Radio carpal joint, knuckles
Condyloid joint
(synovial joint)
Each surface has both convex and concave areas
Biaxial - motion in 2 planes
Allows opposition of thumb (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb)
Saddle joint
(synovial joint)
Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into a cup,Ike depression of another
Most freely moving joint type, allowing motion in all planes, including rotation
Hip and shoulder
Ball and socket joint
Type of angular movement
Bending, decreases angle
Flexion
Type of angular movement
Straightening, increase angle
Extension
a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone.
sesamoid bone
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
Hematoma
Move toward midline
Adduction
Move away from the midline
Abduction
Makes a cone in space
Circumduction
Turns on axis
Rotation
Lifting toes of the foot up
Dorsiflexon
Pointing soles
Plantar Flexion
Turn sole medially
Inversion
Turn sole laterally
Eversion
Turn hand Palm forward
Supination
Turn hand palm backward
Pronation
At the elbow , the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ____ (bone) and the capitulum with the ____ (bone).
Ulna; radius
Posterior femur to anterior tibia
Prevents hyperextension
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Anterior femur to posterior tibia
Prevents hyper-flexion
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Which ligament is most often stretched or torn in 70% of all serious knee injuries?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
what is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
The main difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is the cause behind the joint symptoms. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical wear and tear on joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks the body’s joints.
