Ch 7-9 Flashcards by Taylor Sales

Epiphysis

(long Bone Structure)

Ends of bone

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Diaphysis

(Long Bone Structure)

Shaft

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Articular Cartilage

(long bone structure)

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis

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Periosteum

The membrane covering the bone.

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Medullary Canal

Cavity in diaphysis containing yellow marrow

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Endosteum

Membrane lining medullary canal and other internal surfaces.

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Compact Bone

[Dense] continuous matrix with no gaps that provides protection and support ~ forms external layer of all bones.

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Spongy Bone

[Cancellous] 
Branching plates (trabeculae) with lots of space filled with red marrow ~ found at ends of long bones and inside short, flat, irregular bones.

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Immature bone-forming cells that secrete collagen, matrix

Osteoblasts

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Mature bone cells, maintain

Osteocytes

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Destroy bone for development, growth, repair

Osteoclasts

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Blood vessels and nerves run longitudinally through ____ ?

Haversian canals

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Where bone occurs in layers around central canals

Lamellae

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____ connect lacunae to each other and to central canal.

Canaliculi

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: any of the small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that lie perpendicular to and communicate with the haversian canals

Volkman’s Canals

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Internal struts (branching plates) have no central canal. Has nourishment from red marrow.

Trabeculae

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What are the soft spots of the skull?

Fontanels

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________ is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. Also called growth plate. Responsible for long bone growth.

The epiphyseal plate

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_______ is a major loss of bone mass that leaves bones prone to fracture. More frequent in women partially due to drop in estrogen levels after menopause.

Osteoporosis

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the red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells.

It is found in the cavities of many bones, including flat and short bones, bodies of the vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and articulating ends of long bones.

Red marrow

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________ bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular

is found in the medullary canal – the hollow interior of long bones.

Yellow marrow

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what is the difference between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION: forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. bone is formed in sheet-like layers that reseamble a membrane.
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION: forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.

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Simple fracture

Bone does not penetrate skin

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Compound fracture

Bone does penetrate skin

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Impacted fracture

Fragments driven together

Green stick fracture

Incomplete

Displaced fracture

Bones out of alignment

Spiral fracture

Caused by twisting

Which three vitamins are needed for proper bone function?

Vitamin D, A, & C

Vitamin D

Needed for proper calcium absorption

Vitamin A

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Vitamin C

Collagen synthesis

(Somatotropin) by anterior pituitary gland stimulates division of cartilage cells in epiphyseal plate - overproduction: gigantism - underproduction- dwarfism - excess in humans: acromegaly (big hands, feet, jaw)

Growth Hormone

Modulate activity of the growth hormone so proportions are correct

Thyroid hormones

(Testosterone & estrogen) stimulate growth and development, then ossify epiphyseal plates

Sex hormones

Helps regulate bone remodeling

Serotonin

(From food and UV light exposure) stimulates calcium absorption from the small intestine

Vitamin D

From parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels low Increases calcitriol formed

Parathyroid hormone

Increase release of calcium from bone to blood by increasing osteoclast activity Stimulates kidneys to release less calcium into the urine by increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys tubules

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol act together

Physical stress stimulates bone _____?

Strengthens bone

Bones of the head, neck, & trunk

Axial skeleton

Bones of the arms and legs, pelvic and pectoral girdle

Appendicular skeleton

Mucus lined air-filled openings in 5 skull bones - lightens skull - enhances voice quality - warms and humidifies air

Paranasal sinuses

Cavities with eyes, muscles, lacrimal, glands formed by parts of 7 bones

Orbits

Allows passage of spinal cord

Foramen magnum

the topmost vertebra of the backbone, articulating with the occipital bone of the skull. No body or spinous process C1

Atlas

The second bone of the vertebrae (C2), which contains a distinct bony protuberance, the odontoid process (dens), on which the first cervical vertebra (C1), which carries the head, rotates.

Axis

Suture that is between parietal bones

Sagittal suture

Suture that is between frontal & parietal bones

Coronal suture

Suture that is between occipital and parietal bones

Lambdoidal suture

Suture that is between temporal and parietal bones

Squamous suture

The bone that separates the 2 nasal cavities ___?

Vomer bone

What bone does not articulate with any other bone?

Hyoid bone

CTLSC (some tell lies, some care)

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Found in the neck | 7

Cervical vertebrae

Found in the chest Articulate with ribs 12

Thoracic vertebrae

Located under thoracic vertebrae & in the curvature if the spine 5

Lumbar vertebrae

Located in the pelvic 1 5 fused bones

Sacrum

Located in the pelvic/ tailbone 1 4 fused bones

Coccyx

First 7 pair of ribs | Join directly to sternum with costal cartilage

True ribs

Pairs 8-10 of ribs | Join indirectly to costal cartilage

False ribs

Pair 11-12 of ribs | Do not join at sternum at all

Floating ribs

What bone is the collar bone?

Clavicle

What bone is the shin bone?

Tibia

What bones are the wrist bones? (8 each)

Carpals

What bone is the heel bone?

Calcaneus

What bones are finger bones?

Phalanges

What bone is the kneecap?

Patella

What is the largest bone in the body?

Femur

What are the bones that are the ankle bones?

Tarsal bones

A _______ (joint) is a point of contact between two or more bones

Articulation

Bundles of collagen that connect bone to bone and reinforce joints

Ligaments

Any of the ligaments associated with a synovial joint but separate from and external to its articular capsule.

extracapsular ligament

ligaments located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

intracapsular ligaments.

a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Tendon

a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g., the knee.

Meniscus

a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.

Bursa

: In medicine, a ring of fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage) around the edge of the articular (joint) surface of a bone. The term ------ is used in anatomy to designate a lip, edge, or brim.

Labrum

The tendons of the muscle that surround the joint. Surrounds all of joint except the inferior aspect (weakest part)

The rotator cuff

Displacement of a bone from a joint with the tearing of ligaments, tendons and articular capsule

Dislocation

Inflammation of bursa due to overuse or stress

Bursitis

Inflammation of joints.

Arthritis

Inflammation of tendon

Tendinitis

fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints. the principal role of the fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. Also nourishes cartilage, lubricates, reabsorbs fluid

Synovial fluid

Joint function of synarthroses joint

Immovable

Joint function of amphiarthroses joint

Partially moveable

Joint function of diarthroses joint

Freely movable

Structural joint that has no joint cavity; bones joined by fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous

Structural joint that has no joint cavity; bones joined by cartilage

Cartilaginous

Structural joint that has a synovial (joint) cavity present; bones are surrounded by articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments

Synovial

Fibrous joint that has a thin layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue that joins skull bones

Suture

Fibrous joint that has cone shaped pegs that fit into socket -roots of teeth held in by periodontal ligaments

Gomphosis

Fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue and bones are not held together as tightly as a suture Occurs between tibia and fibula and between radius and ulna

Syndesmosis

``` Cartilaginous joint Synarthrosis Connecting material is hyaline cartilage Temporary: epiphyseal plate(ossifies) Permanent: many bruin and first rib ```

Synchondrosis

``` Cartilaginous joint Amphiarthrosis Disc of fibrocartilage between bones Intervertebral disks Pubic symphysis ```

Symphysis

(synovial joint) Articulating surfaces are flat Glides back and forth and side to side Rotation is prevented Inter carpal, intertarsal, between vertebrae, sacroiliac

Gliding joint

(synovial joint) Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another Monaxial- in one plane Elbow, knees, fingers

Hinge joint

(synovial joint) A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament Rotation Monaxial Atlas/axis; radius/ulna

Pivot joint

(synovial joint) An oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone Variety of motion in different planes Radio carpal joint, knuckles

Condyloid joint

(synovial joint) Each surface has both convex and concave areas Biaxial - motion in 2 planes Allows opposition of thumb (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb)

Saddle joint

(synovial joint) Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into a cup,Ike depression of another Most freely moving joint type, allowing motion in all planes, including rotation Hip and shoulder

Ball and socket joint

Type of angular movement Bending, decreases angle

Flexion

Type of angular movement Straightening, increase angle

Extension

a small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure, typically in the hands and feet. The kneecap is a particularly large sesamoid bone.

sesamoid bone

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.

Hematoma

Move toward midline

Adduction

Move away from the midline

Abduction

Makes a cone in space

Circumduction

Turns on axis

Rotation

Lifting toes of the foot up

Dorsiflexon

Pointing soles

Plantar Flexion

Turn sole medially

Inversion

Turn sole laterally

Eversion

Turn hand Palm forward

Supination

Turn hand palm backward

Pronation

At the elbow , the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ____ (bone) and the capitulum with the ____ (bone).

Ulna; radius

Posterior femur to anterior tibia | Prevents hyperextension

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Anterior femur to posterior tibia | Prevents hyper-flexion

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Which ligament is most often stretched or torn in 70% of all serious knee injuries?

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

what is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

The main difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is the cause behind the joint symptoms. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical wear and tear on joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own immune system attacks the body's joints.