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A&P 1 > Ch 1-3 > Flashcards

Ch 1-3 Flashcards

0
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of form and structure

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules. This gives off energy. (Digestion)

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Building large molecules such as proteins (uses energy)

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal condition

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A

Responsible for regulating the levels of different types of hormones in the human body.

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7
Q

Positive feedback

A

A process in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that amplifies or enhances that change.

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8
Q

Integumentary System

A

Covering, protects deep tissue from injury & water loss.

Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails

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9
Q

Skeletal System

A

Protects & supports body organs, Stores minerals, provides framework for muscles, blood cell formation.

Bone, cartilage, ligaments

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10
Q

Muscular system

A

Allows movement, maintains posture.

Muscles - cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Control system of the body

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

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12
Q

Endocrine system

A

Chemically regulate body processes

Pancreas, ovaries, testes, glands

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13
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Transportation and immunity.

Heat and blood vessels

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14
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.

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15
Q

Respiratory system

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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16
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down food into units that enter the blood.

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver.

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17
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water balance

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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18
Q

Sagittal

A

Divides the body into right and left

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19
Q

Midsagittal or median

A

Sagittal plane that lies on the midline. Between boobies

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20
Q

Frontal or coronal

A

Divides body into front and back

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21
Q

Transverse or horizontal

A

Divides body into top and bottom

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22
Q

Obliques

A

Diagonal planes

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23
Q

Anatomical position

A

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from body

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24
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of origin

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25
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the body’s midline

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26
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front of the body

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27
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin

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28
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head/toward the tail

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29
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface/toward the body’s interior

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30
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface/skin

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31
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back of the body

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32
Q

Medial

A

Toward the body’s midline

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33
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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34
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Cranial and vertebral

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35
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Houses internal organs

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36
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Superior cavity with lung cavity(pleural) and heart cavity (pericardial)

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37
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Inferior cavity with abdominal cavity (digestive) and pelvic cavity (bladder/reproductive)

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38
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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39
Q

Serious membrane

A

Double layered membrane

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40
Q

Parietal serosa

A

Lines internal body walls. Serous membrane

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41
Q

Visceral serosa

A

Covers internal organs. Serous membrane

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42
Q

What feedback loop is more common in the human body?

A

Negative feedback loop is more common.

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43
Q

3 parts of a feedback loop

A

Receptor-
Control center
Effector

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44
Q

Receptor (feedback loop)

A

Receives stimulus and sends input to control center

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45
Q

Control center (feedback loop)

A

Determines range, analyzes input, determines response.

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46
Q

Effector (feedback loop)

A

Receives information from control center and causes response or output

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47
Q

Biochemistry

A

Chemistry of living things

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48
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

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49
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the atom

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50
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode (negatively charged) in electrolysis

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51
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged and is attracted to the anode (positive charged) in electrolysis

52
Q

Ionic bond

A

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form ions

53
Q

Covalent bond

A

Are formed when atoms share electrons

54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

(Water)(split) breaks apart molecules with the addition of water

55
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Combines atoms by removing water

56
Q

Polar molecule

A

One end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge; unequal sharing of electrons makes this molecule a ____

57
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar molecules are water loving

58
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar molecules are water fearing

59
Q

Monomer

A

Binds molecules to make s polymer

60
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules formed by many repeating units of a smaller molecule

61
Q

Peptide bond

A

Formed when two molecules: when the corboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. Dehydration synthesis reaction between amino acids

62
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalysts. Chemically specific

63
Q

Buffer

A

Minimizes changes in pH

Regulate H+

64
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substance that breaks down into positively and negatively charged ions in solution.

65
Q

Amphipathic

A

Polar and Nonpolar regions

66
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bonds between positive and negative ends of polar molecules.

67
Q

Cohesion

A

Water is attracted to water. Makes water a droplet

68
Q

Adhesion

A

Water is attracted to other substances.

69
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mixture of components (one thing dissolved into another)

70
Q

Colloids

A

Heterogenous mixtures whose salutes do not settle out. May look milky

71
Q

Suspensions

A

Heterogenous mixtures with visible salutes that tend to settle out. Blood

72
Q

Acids

A

Dissociate to add H+ to a solution

73
Q

Bases

A

Reduce H+ by accepting ….

74
Q

Strong acid or base

A

Dissociates completely

75
Q

Weak acid or base

A

Dissociate partially

76
Q

pH scales

A

Measures H+ concentration
0-14
Acids 7
7 is neutral

77
Q

What element is the basis for organic molecules?

A

Carbon

78
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy

79
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single or simple sugar

Glucose

80
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugar

Sucrose -glucose + fructose

81
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Multiple or complex sugar

Starch, glycogen

82
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids(contains carboxyl group -COOH)

83
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate

84
Q

Steroids

A

Made of 4 carbon rings that differ in their side chains

85
Q

Saturated fats

A

Have single bonds, solid at room temperature

Animal fats

86
Q

Mono saturated fats

A

1 double bond

87
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

Many double bonds

88
Q

Proteins are what type of molecules?

A

Polymers made of amino acids

89
Q

Basic structure of an amino acid and how they bond

A

1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, R group changes to various molecules

90
Q

Why is protein structure so important?

A

Because amino acids determines the structure of the protein

91
Q

What happens when a protein is denatured?

A

The protein uncoils into a random shape

92
Q

What can denature a protein?

A

Change in temperature, pH, or ironic strength

93
Q

Building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Polymer made of nucleotides

Sugar. Phosphate, nitrogen base

94
Q

Why are nucleic acids important?

A

Contains RNA and DNA

95
Q

DNA vs. RNA differences

A

DNA RNA
double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose sugar. Ribose sugar
A pairs with T. A pairs with U

96
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

97
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

98
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

99
Q

Cofactor

A

Nonprotein that helps bind enzymes to substrate or gets active site to proper shape

100
Q

Vitamin

A

Are essential substances we cannot synthesize enough of or at all

101
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Resembles substrate so binds to active site

102
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Do not resemble a substrate; bind to another part of the enzyme and change the enzyme shape

103
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions leading to the breakdown or synthesis of molecules

104
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process that releases energy

105
Q

Glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

106
Q

Aerobic

A

relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.

107
Q

Anaerobic

A

relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.

108
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. Wikipedia

109
Q

Enzyme

A

A catalytic protein that reduces activation energy

110
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

111
Q

Active site

A

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

112
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol (cytoplasm )

113
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

114
Q

What are the end products of glycosis

A

Pyruvate

115
Q

What happens to pyruvate before it enters the Kreb’s cycle?

A

IT undergoes a series of reactions where it gives off CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

116
Q

After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, the pyruvic acids move to the ____.

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

The citric acid (Kreb’s) Cycle replenishes ____ and results in what?

A

1 ATP is produced per cycle. Each glucose gives 2 turns per cycle

118
Q

What is the final electron carrier in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

119
Q

Compare the amount of ATP formed from glycolysis alone with that of cellular respiration.

A

CR 38 ATP vs. G 4ATP produced.

120
Q

How is the electron transport chain used to convert energy from electrons into ATP?

A

Final enzymes give up a pair of electrons that combine with an oxygen and two H+ to form water.
Does not directly make ATP

121
Q

Maintaining a stable internal condition is part of…?

A

Homeostasis

122
Q

The breakdown of glucose into two Pyruvic acids is?

A

Glycolysis

123
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in a body is a persons?

A

Metabolism

124
Q

Protein is a polymer of what?

A

Amino acids

125
Q

A plane that divides the body into front and back is called what?

A

Coronal

126
Q

The Krebs cycle results in how many ATP per glucose?

A

2

127
Q

Removing a water molecule in order to join two small molecules into a larger molecule is the process of ….?

A

Dehydration synthesis

128
Q

A molecule with polar and Nonpolar regions ?

A

Amphipathic

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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