Ch 1-3 Flashcards
Physiology
Study of function
Anatomy
Study of form and structure
Catabolism
Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules. This gives off energy. (Digestion)
Anabolism
Building large molecules such as proteins (uses energy)
Metabolism
All chemical processes
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal condition
Negative feedback
Responsible for regulating the levels of different types of hormones in the human body.
Positive feedback
A process in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that amplifies or enhances that change.
Integumentary System
Covering, protects deep tissue from injury & water loss.
Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
Skeletal System
Protects & supports body organs, Stores minerals, provides framework for muscles, blood cell formation.
Bone, cartilage, ligaments
Muscular system
Allows movement, maintains posture.
Muscles - cardiac, smooth, skeletal
Nervous system
Control system of the body
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine system
Chemically regulate body processes
Pancreas, ovaries, testes, glands
Cardiovascular system
Transportation and immunity.
Heat and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.
Respiratory system
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Digestive system
Breaks down food into units that enter the blood.
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver.
Urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water balance
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Sagittal
Divides the body into right and left
Midsagittal or median
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline. Between boobies
Frontal or coronal
Divides body into front and back
Transverse or horizontal
Divides body into top and bottom
Obliques
Diagonal planes
Anatomical position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from body
Distal
Farther from the point of origin
Lateral
Away from the body’s midline
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin
Inferior
Away from the head/toward the tail
Deep
Away from the surface/toward the body’s interior
Superficial
Toward the surface/skin
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
Medial
Toward the body’s midline
Superior
Toward the head
Dorsal cavity
Cranial and vertebral
Ventral cavity
Houses internal organs
Thoracic cavity
Superior cavity with lung cavity(pleural) and heart cavity (pericardial)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Inferior cavity with abdominal cavity (digestive) and pelvic cavity (bladder/reproductive)
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Serious membrane
Double layered membrane
Parietal serosa
Lines internal body walls. Serous membrane
Visceral serosa
Covers internal organs. Serous membrane
What feedback loop is more common in the human body?
Negative feedback loop is more common.
3 parts of a feedback loop
Receptor-
Control center
Effector
Receptor (feedback loop)
Receives stimulus and sends input to control center
Control center (feedback loop)
Determines range, analyzes input, determines response.
Effector (feedback loop)
Receives information from control center and causes response or output
Biochemistry
Chemistry of living things
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Atomic number
The number of protons in the atom
Cation
A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode (negatively charged) in electrolysis
Anion
Negatively charged and is attracted to the anode (positive charged) in electrolysis
Ionic bond
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form ions
Covalent bond
Are formed when atoms share electrons
Hydrolysis
(Water)(split) breaks apart molecules with the addition of water
Dehydration synthesis
Combines atoms by removing water
Polar molecule
One end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge; unequal sharing of electrons makes this molecule a ____
Hydrophilic
Polar molecules are water loving
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules are water fearing
Monomer
Binds molecules to make s polymer
Polymer
Large molecules formed by many repeating units of a smaller molecule
Peptide bond
Formed when two molecules: when the corboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. Dehydration synthesis reaction between amino acids
Enzyme
Biological catalysts. Chemically specific
Buffer
Minimizes changes in pH
Regulate H+
Electrolytes
Substance that breaks down into positively and negatively charged ions in solution.
Amphipathic
Polar and Nonpolar regions
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds between positive and negative ends of polar molecules.
Cohesion
Water is attracted to water. Makes water a droplet
Adhesion
Water is attracted to other substances.
Solution
Homogenous mixture of components (one thing dissolved into another)
Colloids
Heterogenous mixtures whose salutes do not settle out. May look milky
Suspensions
Heterogenous mixtures with visible salutes that tend to settle out. Blood
Acids
Dissociate to add H+ to a solution
Bases
Reduce H+ by accepting ….
Strong acid or base
Dissociates completely
Weak acid or base
Dissociate partially
pH scales
Measures H+ concentration
0-14
Acids 7
7 is neutral
What element is the basis for organic molecules?
Carbon
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy
Monosaccharides
Single or simple sugar
Glucose
Disaccharide
Double sugar
Sucrose -glucose + fructose
Polysaccharide
Multiple or complex sugar
Starch, glycogen
Triglycerides
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids(contains carboxyl group -COOH)
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate
Steroids
Made of 4 carbon rings that differ in their side chains
Saturated fats
Have single bonds, solid at room temperature
Animal fats
Mono saturated fats
1 double bond
Polyunsaturated fats
Many double bonds
Proteins are what type of molecules?
Polymers made of amino acids
Basic structure of an amino acid and how they bond
1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, R group changes to various molecules
Why is protein structure so important?
Because amino acids determines the structure of the protein
What happens when a protein is denatured?
The protein uncoils into a random shape
What can denature a protein?
Change in temperature, pH, or ironic strength
Building blocks of nucleic acids
Polymer made of nucleotides
Sugar. Phosphate, nitrogen base
Why are nucleic acids important?
Contains RNA and DNA
DNA vs. RNA differences
DNA RNA
double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose sugar. Ribose sugar
A pairs with T. A pairs with U
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Exergonic reaction
Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
Endergonic reaction
Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous
Cofactor
Nonprotein that helps bind enzymes to substrate or gets active site to proper shape
Vitamin
Are essential substances we cannot synthesize enough of or at all
Competitive inhibitor
Resembles substrate so binds to active site
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Do not resemble a substrate; bind to another part of the enzyme and change the enzyme shape
Metabolic pathway
A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions leading to the breakdown or synthesis of molecules
Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Aerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.
Anaerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. Wikipedia
Enzyme
A catalytic protein that reduces activation energy
Substrate
The reactant that an enzyme acts on
Active site
The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol (cytoplasm )
does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
What are the end products of glycosis
Pyruvate
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the Kreb’s cycle?
IT undergoes a series of reactions where it gives off CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, the pyruvic acids move to the ____.
Mitochondria
The citric acid (Kreb’s) Cycle replenishes ____ and results in what?
1 ATP is produced per cycle. Each glucose gives 2 turns per cycle
What is the final electron carrier in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
Compare the amount of ATP formed from glycolysis alone with that of cellular respiration.
CR 38 ATP vs. G 4ATP produced.
How is the electron transport chain used to convert energy from electrons into ATP?
Final enzymes give up a pair of electrons that combine with an oxygen and two H+ to form water.
Does not directly make ATP
Maintaining a stable internal condition is part of…?
Homeostasis
The breakdown of glucose into two Pyruvic acids is?
Glycolysis
The sum of all chemical reactions in a body is a persons?
Metabolism
Protein is a polymer of what?
Amino acids
A plane that divides the body into front and back is called what?
Coronal
The Krebs cycle results in how many ATP per glucose?
2
Removing a water molecule in order to join two small molecules into a larger molecule is the process of ….?
Dehydration synthesis
A molecule with polar and Nonpolar regions ?
Amphipathic
