Ch 1-3 Flashcards
0
Q
Physiology
A
Study of function
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of form and structure
2
Q
Catabolism
A
Breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules. This gives off energy. (Digestion)
3
Q
Anabolism
A
Building large molecules such as proteins (uses energy)
4
Q
Metabolism
A
All chemical processes
5
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of relatively stable internal condition
6
Q
Negative feedback
A
Responsible for regulating the levels of different types of hormones in the human body.
7
Q
Positive feedback
A
A process in which a change from the normal range of function elicits a response that amplifies or enhances that change.
8
Q
Integumentary System
A
Covering, protects deep tissue from injury & water loss.
Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
9
Q
Skeletal System
A
Protects & supports body organs, Stores minerals, provides framework for muscles, blood cell formation.
Bone, cartilage, ligaments
10
Q
Muscular system
A
Allows movement, maintains posture.
Muscles - cardiac, smooth, skeletal
11
Q
Nervous system
A
Control system of the body
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
12
Q
Endocrine system
A
Chemically regulate body processes
Pancreas, ovaries, testes, glands
13
Q
Cardiovascular system
A
Transportation and immunity.
Heat and blood vessels
14
Q
Lymphatic System
A
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
Red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels.
15
Q
Respiratory system
A
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
16
Q
Digestive system
A
Breaks down food into units that enter the blood.
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver.
17
Q
Urinary system
A
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water balance
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
18
Q
Sagittal
A
Divides the body into right and left
19
Q
Midsagittal or median
A
Sagittal plane that lies on the midline. Between boobies
20
Q
Frontal or coronal
A
Divides body into front and back
21
Q
Transverse or horizontal
A
Divides body into top and bottom
22
Q
Obliques
A
Diagonal planes
23
Q
Anatomical position
A
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointed away from body
24
Distal
Farther from the point of origin
25
Lateral
Away from the body's midline
26
Anterior
Toward the front of the body
27
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin
28
Inferior
Away from the head/toward the tail
29
Deep
Away from the surface/toward the body's interior
30
Superficial
Toward the surface/skin
31
Posterior
Toward the back of the body
32
Medial
Toward the body's midline
33
Superior
Toward the head
34
Dorsal cavity
Cranial and vertebral
35
Ventral cavity
Houses internal organs
36
Thoracic cavity
Superior cavity with lung cavity(pleural) and heart cavity (pericardial)
37
Abdominopelvic cavity
Inferior cavity with abdominal cavity (digestive) and pelvic cavity (bladder/reproductive)
38
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
39
Serious membrane
Double layered membrane
40
Parietal serosa
Lines internal body walls. Serous membrane
41
Visceral serosa
Covers internal organs. Serous membrane
42
What feedback loop is more common in the human body?
Negative feedback loop is more common.
43
3 parts of a feedback loop
Receptor-
Control center
Effector
44
Receptor (feedback loop)
Receives stimulus and sends input to control center
45
Control center (feedback loop)
Determines range, analyzes input, determines response.
46
Effector (feedback loop)
Receives information from control center and causes response or output
47
Biochemistry
Chemistry of living things
48
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
49
Atomic number
The number of protons in the atom
50
Cation
A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode (negatively charged) in electrolysis
51
Anion
Negatively charged and is attracted to the anode (positive charged) in electrolysis
52
Ionic bond
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form ions
53
Covalent bond
Are formed when atoms share electrons
54
Hydrolysis
(Water)(split) breaks apart molecules with the addition of water
55
Dehydration synthesis
Combines atoms by removing water
56
Polar molecule
One end of the molecule has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge; unequal sharing of electrons makes this molecule a ____
57
Hydrophilic
Polar molecules are water loving
58
Hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules are water fearing
59
Monomer
Binds molecules to make s polymer
60
Polymer
Large molecules formed by many repeating units of a smaller molecule
61
Peptide bond
Formed when two molecules: when the corboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule. Dehydration synthesis reaction between amino acids
62
Enzyme
Biological catalysts. Chemically specific
63
Buffer
Minimizes changes in pH
| Regulate H+
64
Electrolytes
Substance that breaks down into positively and negatively charged ions in solution.
65
Amphipathic
Polar and Nonpolar regions
66
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds between positive and negative ends of polar molecules.
67
Cohesion
Water is attracted to water. Makes water a droplet
68
Adhesion
Water is attracted to other substances.
69
Solution
Homogenous mixture of components (one thing dissolved into another)
70
Colloids
Heterogenous mixtures whose salutes do not settle out. May look milky
71
Suspensions
Heterogenous mixtures with visible salutes that tend to settle out. Blood
72
Acids
Dissociate to add H+ to a solution
73
Bases
Reduce H+ by accepting ....
74
Strong acid or base
Dissociates completely
75
Weak acid or base
Dissociate partially
76
pH scales
Measures H+ concentration
0-14
Acids 7
7 is neutral
77
What element is the basis for organic molecules?
Carbon
78
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy
79
Monosaccharides
Single or simple sugar
| Glucose
80
Disaccharide
Double sugar
| Sucrose -glucose + fructose
81
Polysaccharide
Multiple or complex sugar
| Starch, glycogen
82
Triglycerides
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids(contains carboxyl group -COOH)
83
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate
84
Steroids
Made of 4 carbon rings that differ in their side chains
85
Saturated fats
Have single bonds, solid at room temperature
| Animal fats
86
Mono saturated fats
1 double bond
87
Polyunsaturated fats
Many double bonds
88
Proteins are what type of molecules?
Polymers made of amino acids
89
Basic structure of an amino acid and how they bond
1 carboxyl group, 1 amino group, R group changes to various molecules
90
Why is protein structure so important?
Because amino acids determines the structure of the protein
91
What happens when a protein is denatured?
The protein uncoils into a random shape
92
What can denature a protein?
Change in temperature, pH, or ironic strength
93
Building blocks of nucleic acids
Polymer made of nucleotides
| Sugar. Phosphate, nitrogen base
94
Why are nucleic acids important?
Contains RNA and DNA
95
DNA vs. RNA differences
DNA RNA
double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose sugar. Ribose sugar
A pairs with T. A pairs with U
96
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
97
Exergonic reaction
Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
98
Endergonic reaction
Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous
99
Cofactor
Nonprotein that helps bind enzymes to substrate or gets active site to proper shape
100
Vitamin
Are essential substances we cannot synthesize enough of or at all
101
Competitive inhibitor
Resembles substrate so binds to active site
102
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Do not resemble a substrate; bind to another part of the enzyme and change the enzyme shape
103
Metabolic pathway
A sequence of enzyme controlled reactions leading to the breakdown or synthesis of molecules
104
Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy
105
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
106
Aerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.
107
Anaerobic
relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
108
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. Wikipedia
109
Enzyme
A catalytic protein that reduces activation energy
110
Substrate
The reactant that an enzyme acts on
111
Active site
The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
112
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol (cytoplasm )
113
does glycolysis require oxygen?
No
114
What are the end products of glycosis
Pyruvate
115
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the Kreb’s cycle?
IT undergoes a series of reactions where it gives off CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
116
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, the pyruvic acids move to the ____.
Mitochondria
117
The citric acid (Kreb’s) Cycle replenishes ____ and results in what?
1 ATP is produced per cycle. Each glucose gives 2 turns per cycle
118
What is the final electron carrier in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
119
Compare the amount of ATP formed from glycolysis alone with that of cellular respiration.
CR 38 ATP vs. G 4ATP produced.
120
How is the electron transport chain used to convert energy from electrons into ATP?
Final enzymes give up a pair of electrons that combine with an oxygen and two H+ to form water.
Does not directly make ATP
121
Maintaining a stable internal condition is part of...?
Homeostasis
122
The breakdown of glucose into two Pyruvic acids is?
Glycolysis
123
The sum of all chemical reactions in a body is a persons?
Metabolism
124
Protein is a polymer of what?
Amino acids
125
A plane that divides the body into front and back is called what?
Coronal
126
The Krebs cycle results in how many ATP per glucose?
2
127
Removing a water molecule in order to join two small molecules into a larger molecule is the process of ....?
Dehydration synthesis
128
A molecule with polar and Nonpolar regions ?
Amphipathic
