Ch 4-6 Flashcards
0
Q
When integral proteins extend across a membrane and act in transport (carriers or channels)
A
Transmembrane protein
1
Q
Embedded firmly in lipid layer
A
Integral protein
2
Q
____ Are attached to exposed part of integral protein
A
Peripheral proteins
3
Q
Sugar + protein
A
Glycoproteins
4
Q
Membrane proteins in adjacent cells fuse to form barrier preventing movement between cells
Small intestine, bladder
A
Tight junctions
5
Q
Proteins “weld” anchored by filaments
Skin and cardiac muscle
A
Desmosomes
6
Q
Joined transmembrane proteins (connexions) form a channel linking two cells
Cardiac muscle
A
Gap junctions
7
Q
Tendency of atoms/molecules to spread out evenly due to random motion
A
Diffusion
8
Q
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
A
Osmosis
9
Q
Uses a protein carrier (specific attach and release) or channel to go through the membrane
A
Facilitated diffusion
10
Q
Moves large particles out of the cell
A
Exocytosis
11
Q
Moves large particles into the cell
A
Endocytosis
12
Q
Segment of DNA that carries instructions for one polypeptide chain
A
Gene
13
Q
The DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing
A
DNA replication
14
Q
a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule.
A
Codon
15
Q
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
A
Anticodon
16
Q
_______is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, i.e. moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
A
Active transport
17
Q
_______ is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.
A
Passive transport
18
Q
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.
A
Phagocytosis
19
Q
Making of RNA from DNA
A
Transcription
20
Q
movement of a body from one point of space to another
A
Translation
21
Q
Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” ________
A
Chromatids
22
Q
Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the ____
A
Centromere
23
Q
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
A
Structure of the cell
24
Solutions are equal - no net movement. Cells stay the same size.
Isotonic
25
Solution sigh the least solute. Cell swells
Hypotonic
26
Solution with the most solute. Cell shrinks
Hypertonic
27
No energy needed
Movement along a concentration gradient from greater to lesser concentration
Due to random motion of particles
Passive transport
28
Uses energy in for of ATP
Membranes pumps
Na +/K+ pump
Active transport
29
Made of ribosomal RNA & protein
Carry out protein synthesis in cytosol & on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
30
No ribosomes
Lipid synthesis
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Calcium storage/release in muscles
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
31
Has ribosomes
Produces special secretions like insulin
Membrane factory
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
32
Series of flattened, membranous sacs
Forms lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
33
Rod-shaped powerhouse
Use of oxygen to produce ATP(cellular or aerobic respiration)
Mitochondria
34
Membranous sac
May digest & recycle parts
Lysosomes
35
Cylinders of tubules arranged at right angles
Moves towards the poles of the nucleus when it is time for cell division
Centrioles
36
Double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm
Control gene expression & mediate the replication of DNA
Nucleus
37
Dense area of RNA
Protein that makes ribosomes
Nucleolus
38
Cell not dividing
Interphase
39
The first and longest phase of mitosis
Prophase
40
Second phase. The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Metaphase
41
3rd. The centromere splits and sister chromatids separate
Anaphase
42
Final. Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
43
The cytoplasm pinches in half with a cleavage of furrow. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
44
A group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function
Tissue
45
The study of tissues
Histology
46
A single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
Gland
47
"Ductless glands" discharge their secretions into the intracellular fluid, where it diffuses into the blood stream
Endocrine glands
48
Secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface. Their secretions include mucus, sweat, oil, ear wax and digestive enzymes.
Exocrine gland
49
Dendrites & axons. Receive & transmit signals
Neurons
50
In connective tissue ---- also called extrafibrillar matrix, is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells. In a tissue, cells are surrounded and supported by an extracellular matrix.
The ground substance
51
Protective supporting cells
Neuroglia
52
Connective tissue membrane; where blood vessels are located
Perichondrium
53
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Periosteum
54
________ is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.
endosteum
55
a cavity or depression, especially in bone.
Lacunae
56
Covering & lining; & glands.
Protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion, sensory reception.
Epithelial tissue
57
Protects & supports, binds organs together, stores energy, and provides immunity
Connective tissue
58
Movement
Muscle tissue
59
Transmit impulses that coordinate body activities
Nervous tissue
60
Have an apical (free) surface, which is exposed to body cavity, lining of internal organ or exterior of body, and a basement membrane that anchors it to underlying connective tissue.
Have a rich nervous supply
High capacity for renewal
Features of epithelial tissue
61
Single layer of flat cells
Adapted for diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Found in lungs and kidneys
Simple squamous epithelium
62
Lines he heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels and forms the walls of capillaries.
Endothelium
63
______ any of the small, fingerlike projections of the surface of an epithelial cell. See more.
Microvilli
64
Secrete mucus
Goblet cells
65
____ are the tiny, hairlike structures that move digested food down the intestines.
cilia
66
Accumulate secretion in cell until it ruptures. The discharged cell is replaced by a new cell.
Holocrine ( multicellular exocrine glands)
67
Most exocrine glands, form secretion and discharge by exocytosis (salivary, sweat, pancreas)
Merocrine (multicellular exocrine gland)
68
Secretions accumulate near the top, which pinches off to form secretion. Cell repairs itself and repeats. (Mammary glands, ceruminous glands)
Apocrine glands ( multicellular cellular exocrine glands )
69
3 basic elements. Has a nerve supply. Usually highly vascular. Matrix may be fluid. Cells usually divide.
General features of connective tissue
70
These cells can reproduce and form the matrix. These immature cell names end in -_____
-blast cell
71
These cells have a reduced ability to divide and form matrix. Mature cell names end in -____
-cyte cells
72
Loose connective tissue
Areolar- gel like ground substance (lots of space)
| Fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, some blood cells
73
Adipose tissue
Cells are adipocytes, and specialize in storing fat. Tightly packed & very little matrix. Oil droplets occupies most of the cell, pushing the nucleus to the side.
74
Reticular connective tissue
Consists of reticular fibers and reticular cells in loose ground substance
75
Dense regular connective tissue
Bundles of parallel collagen fibers with rows of fibroblasts between. Great strength. Poor blood supply.
76
Dense irregular connective tissue
Bundles of collagen fibers, thicker and arranged irregularly. Found in sheets. Skin
77
Elastic connective tissue
Predominantly elastic fibers
Provides strength and elasticity
Vocal chords, some ligaments, walls of arteries, lungs, bronchial tubes
78
Produce fibers and ground substance; most abundant
Fibroblasts
79
Fat cells
Adipocytes
80
Stem cells to replace damaged cells
Mesenchymal cells
81
Engulf damaged cells or pathogens; derived from monocytes
Fixed macrophages
82
Found close to blood vessels, they secrete heparin to inhabit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels
Mast cells
83
From B lymphocytes; form antibodies
Plasma cells
84
Phagocytic
Free macrophages
85
Including neutrophil is and lymphocytes
Other leukocytes
86
Made of protein collagen. Tough white fibers often occur in bundles.
Collagen fibers
87
Composed of a protein called elastin. Yellow fibers. Coiled structure provides stretchy quality. Provides strength to tissues.
Elastic fibers
88
Are composed of thin, branching collagen and glycoproteins. Provides support and form loose network of fibrous tissue.
Reticular fibers
89
Skin. Keratinized squamous epithelium connected to dense irregular connective tissue.
Cutaneous
90
Line body cavities that open to the outside. (Digestive tract, respiratory tract, urge it's tract)
Kept moist by secretion.
Mucous membrane
91
Line ventral cavities. 2 layers (parietal & visceral)
Serous membrane
92
Voluntary cells are long multinucleate striated. Attaches to tendons
Skeletal muscle.
93
Involuntary shirt, spindle-shaped single nucleus nonstriated . Located walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach
Smooth muscle
94
Involuntary branched single nucleus striated intercalated discs. Found in the heart
Cardiac muscle
95
Receive incoming signals (one or many) from the neuron
Dendrites
96
Transmit outgoing signals (one) from the neuron
Axon
97
Produce pigment melanin in granules and deposit in keratinocytes
Melanocytes
98
Cellular extensions of melanocytes extend up between cells, passing pigment granules to cells
Cytochrome secretion
99
The ridges between dermis and epidermis are _____ and are basis of fingerprints
Dermal papillae
100
Has no pigment and white hair
Albino
101
Bundle of smooth muscle attached to hair follicle
Arrector pili muscle
102
the white area at the base of a fingernail.
Lunula
103
Low body temperature that can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, unconsciousness. Can lead to death.
Hypothermia
104
Yellow-orange pigment from vegetables that accumulates in stratum corneum or subcutaneous
Carotene
105
Overgrown of melanin-forming cells. Moles
Nevus
106
____ are the result of torn collagen fibers
Stretch marks
107
Stratified squamous
Epidermis
108
Connective tissue, thicker layer
Dermis
109
Adipose and loose connective tissue anchoring skin
Hypodermis
110
CLGSB
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale.
111
Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells
Capable of continued cell division
Keratinocytes abundant in all cell layers, make keratin; stem cells in _____ layer generate new cells
Produce melanin
Stratum Basale
112
Thorn like- prickly
| Help fight infection in epidermis by insisting immune response.
Stratum spinosum
113
3-5 layers of flattened cells
Keratinization begins here
Nucleus and organelles begin to break down
Cells begin to die
Stratum Granulosum
114
3-5 layers of clear, flat dead cells found in areas with thick skin (palms, soles)
Stratum lucidum
115
20-30 layers of dead, flat cells full of keratin
Glycolipids,between cells waterproof
Cells are shed
About 2-4'week shed
Stratum corneum
116
How is hair colored determined?
By type and amount of pigment
Dark hair had much eumelanin (black/brown)
Red & blonde hair have pheomelanin (red/yellow)
Pigment production slows as people age
117
Inner 2-3 rows of cells with pigment and air space
| Hair shaft
Medulla
118
Middle part of elongated cells - pigment in dark hair, air in white hair (hair shaft)
Cortex
119
Single outer layer of flat, keratinization cells that overlap like shingles. (Hair shaft)
Cuticle
120
```
Usually connected to hair follicles
Holocrine glands
Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, cell debris
Moisten hair and waterproofs skin
None in palms or soles
Large in neck, face, upper chest
```
Sebaceous (oil) glands
121
```
Most common.
Produce sweat in response to heat & P.A.
Produce moisture on palms & soles during stress
Carried by duct to a pore
Mostly water and some salts and waste
```
Eccrine glands
122
Produce secretions with odor due to bacterial activity
Duct opens to hair follicle
Active during emotional stress
In armpits, groin, around nipples
Apocrine sweat glands
123
What Secretes ear wax
Ceruminous glands
124
What secretes milk
Mammary glands
125
How is body temperature regulated? (Raised lowered)
Heat is carried away by blood.
Body heat is lost to surroundings
Physical activity
Dermal vessels constrict (raise)
Skeletal muscles contract
Shivering
126
Injuries only epidermis, heals quickly
| Burn
First degree burns
127
Destroys some epidermis and dermis
Fluid from damaged capillaries form blisters
Skin usually recovers without scars (unless infection)
(Burn)
Second degree burns
128
Destroys epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
Treatment often involves skin grafts
(Burns)
Third degree burns
129
How does aging affect skin?
```
Cell cycle slows and cells get larger
Pigment patches (age spots)
Wrinkles- dermis shrinks, loss of fat
Less oil makes skin dryer
Melanin production slows
Hair growth slows and hair thins
Temperature control fades
```
130
What determines skin color?
Melanin, depends on type and amount
