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Biology 30 > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The release of energy from molecules like glucose accompanied by the use of this energy to synthesize ATP molecules
(Aerobic - needs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

Glucose

A

High-energy molecule, and when broken down, energy is released in the form of ATP

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3
Q

Overview of cellular respiration

A
  • Breakdown of one glucose molecule results in 36 or 38 ATP molecules (end of electrons transport chain)
  • Majority of ATP is released during e-transport chain
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4
Q

Phases of cellular respiration

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Citric acid cycle - Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
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5
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Breakdown of glucose (C6) into two molecules of pyruvate (C3)
  • Outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm
  • Oxidation by the removal of electrons and hydrogen ions provides energy for the immediate buildup of 2 ATP
  • Doesn’t require oxygen
  • Transforms one 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules
  • Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA and carbon dioxide is removed in cytoplasm
  • One three-carbon molecule - pyruvate- becomes one two-carbon molecule - acetyl- CoA
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6
Q

Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

A
  • Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that produce one ATP and carbon dioxide per turn
  • Acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid and enters the cycle
  • Cycle turns twice due to acetyl CoAs are produced per glucose
  • Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
  • A two-carbon Acetyl CoA combines with a Oxaloacetate molecule to produce C(sub)6 citrate
  • The CoA is recycled to the preparatory reaction
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7
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  • Series of electron carrier molecules. Internal membrane of the mitochondria
  • Electrons are passed from one carrier to another (as this happens energy is captured/stored as a hydrogen ion concentration gradient)
  • As electrons move from a higher energy state to a lower, energy is released to make ATP (the low-energy electrons leave the system)
  • Each carrier is reduced then oxidized
  • Under aerobic conditions 32-34 ATP per glucose molecule can be produced
  • Located in (on) cristae of mitochondria
  • Oxygen combines with hydrogen ions to form water
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8
Q

Pyruvate

A

-A pivotal metabolite in cellular respiration

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9
Q

Fermentation

A
  • If no oxygen is available, pyruvate is reduced to lactate (in animals) or alcohol and carbon dioxide (in plants)
  • Fermentation results in a net gain of two ATP/glucose
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10
Q

Glycolysis:

Energy investment steps

A

2 molecules of ATP used to activate glucose as glycolysis begin

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11
Q

Glycolysis:

Energy harvesting steps

A
  • Oxidation of G3P results in NADH synthesis

- Additional chemical changes lead to direct substrate-level phosphorylation, formation pf 4 ATP

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12
Q

Fermentation: Outside mitochondria

A

-If oxygen is limited or no oxygen, cells may utilize anaerobic pathways, such as fermentation

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13
Q

Two basic forms of fermentation

A

Lactic acid and alcohol

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14
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A
  • Fermentation is essential to humans since it can give a rapid burst of ATP
  • In muscles working vigorously over a short period, fermentation is used to produce ATP as oxygen is in limited supply
  • Lactate is toxic to cells
  • As it accumulates, lactate changes the pH of the muscle cells, causing the “burn” feeling
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15
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A
  • Yeast generates ethyl alcohol by fermentation

- Releases small amounts of carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Energy yield of fermentation

A

Fermentation yields only two ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis

17
Q

“Preparatory reaction” from pyruvate to citrate

A
  • Pyruvate (C3) last molecule of glycolysis
  • Pyruvate enter mitochondria
  • Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA (C2) in mitochondria
  • Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle - citric acid cycle
18
Q

Generating ATP

A
  • Electron carriers are located in the cristae of mitochondria
  • As electrons pass along a series of electron carriers, the energy released is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
  • Proton gather in the intermembrane space (proton gradient)
19
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • The H+ ions flow through an ATP synthase complex, back into the matrix
  • As the H+ pass through the complex, energy is released/captured to form ATP from ADP
20
Q

Energy yield from cellular respiration

A

C(sub)6 H(sub)12 O(sub)6 + 6 O(sub)2 to 6 CO(sub)2 + 6 H(sub)2O

  • Total of 4 ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis (2 net from glycolysis, 2 net from citric acid)
  • 32-34 ATP produced by electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Biology 30 (4 decks)

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