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Biology 30 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two forms of energy

A

Kinetic energy and Potential energy

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2
Q

What is Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

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3
Q

What is Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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4
Q

What are the two types of energy

A

Chemical energy and Mechanical energy

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5
Q

What is Chemical energy

A

Its stored in chemical bonds

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6
Q

What is Mechanical energy

A

Energy of motion (ex. Walking)

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7
Q

The first Law of Thermodynamics

A

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can’t be created/destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

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8
Q

The second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be changed from one form to another without losing useable energy. Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and have more disorder

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9
Q

What process do plants use to use energy

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

What process do animals use to use energy

A

Cellular respiration

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11
Q

Entropy

A

The relative amount of disorganization

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12
Q

What increases the total entropy in the universe

A

Every process that occurs in cells

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13
Q

What do living organisms depend on

A

Constant supply of energy from the sun

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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15
Q

What is a large part of cellular metabolism

A

The breaking down and building up of molecules

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down molecules

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17
Q

Anabolism

A

Building molecules

18
Q

Reactants

A

Substances that participate in a reaction

19
Q

Products

A

Substances that form as a result of a reaction

20
Q

Free energy

A

(Symbol delta G) The amount of energy available. The change in free energy after a reaction is calculated by subtracting the free energy of the reactants from that of the products

21
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Reactions where energy is released. The products have less free energy than the reactants and are spontaneous

22
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Reactions that require an input of energy. The products have more free energy than reactants and require an input of energy to run

23
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate:

  • Common energy currency for cells
  • ATP generated from ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + an inorganic phosphate molecule
  • ATP may be supplied because glucose breakdown provides the energy to build up ATP
24
Q

Structure of ATP

A

A nucleotide composed of: Adenine (nitrogen-containing base), Ribose (5-carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups

25
Q

Function of ATP

A

Used by cells for: Chemical work (energy to synthesize macromolecules), Transport work (energy to pump substances across membranes), Mechanical work (energy to make muscles contract, cilia and flagella beat, etc.)

26
Q

Coupled reactions

A

The energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

27
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

A series of linked reactions

28
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Proteins
  • Catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)
  • Participate in chemical reactions, but aren’t used up by the reaction
29
Q

Energy of activation

A

Energy that must be added to cause reactants to react with one another (ex. need a match to start a wood burning)

30
Q

Enzymes lower the energy of activation

A
  • Don’t change the end result of the reaction

- Increase the reaction rate

31
Q

Enzymes function

A
  • Enzymes bind with a substrate to form a complex

- Active site is a small part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate

32
Q

Rate of enzymatic reaction may be influenced by:

A
  • Substrate concentration
  • Temp and pH
  • Enzyme activation
  • Enzyme inhibition
  • Enzyme cofactors
33
Q

Substrate concentration

A
  • Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases
  • The maximum rate is reached when all active sites of an enzyme are filled continuously with substrate
34
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

Occurs when substrate can’t bind to active site of enzyme

35
Q

Simple enzyme inhibition

A
  • When product is abundant and binds to enzyme’s active site and blocks further production
  • When product is used up, it is removed from active site
36
Q

Complex enzyme inhibition

A

Product binds to a site other than active site, which changes the shape of active site

37
Q

Enzyme cofactors

A
  • Some enzymes require an inorganic ion or non-protein organic molecule to assist in reaction
  • Inorganic ions like copper, zinc, or iron are cofactors
38
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic non-protein cofactors

39
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons

40
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of electrons

41
Q

Redox reactions

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions coupled together (ex. Oxygen gains electrons - becomes reduced, Mg loses electrons - becomes oxidized)

42
Q

Oxidation-reduction

A
  • Can also apply to covalent reactions involving hydrogen atoms (e- + H+)
  • Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen atoms
  • Reduction is the gain of hydrogen atoms

Biology 30 (4 decks)

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