Ch. 6

Question 1

What are the two forms of energy

Answer 1

Kinetic energy and Potential energy

Question 2

What is Kinetic energy

Answer 2

The energy of motion

Question 3

What is Potential energy

Answer 3

Stored energy

Question 4

What are the two types of energy

Answer 4

Chemical energy and Mechanical energy

Question 5

What is Chemical energy

Answer 5

Its stored in chemical bonds

Question 6

What is Mechanical energy

Answer 6

Energy of motion (ex. Walking)

Question 7

The first Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 7

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy can’t be created/destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another

Question 8

The second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 8

Energy can’t be changed from one form to another without losing useable energy. Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and have more disorder

Question 9

What process do plants use to use energy

Answer 9

Photosynthesis

Question 10

What process do animals use to use energy

Answer 10

Cellular respiration

Question 11

Entropy

Answer 11

The relative amount of disorganization

Question 12

What increases the total entropy in the universe

Answer 12

Every process that occurs in cells

Question 13

What do living organisms depend on

Answer 13

Constant supply of energy from the sun

Question 14

Metabolism

Answer 14

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

Question 15

What is a large part of cellular metabolism

Answer 15

The breaking down and building up of molecules

Question 16

Catabolism

Answer 16

Breaking down molecules

Question 17

Anabolism

Answer 17

Building molecules

Question 18

Reactants

Answer 18

Substances that participate in a reaction

Question 19

Products

Answer 19

Substances that form as a result of a reaction

Question 20

Free energy

Answer 20

(Symbol delta G) The amount of energy available. The change in free energy after a reaction is calculated by subtracting the free energy of the reactants from that of the products

Question 21

Exergonic reactions

Answer 21

Reactions where energy is released. The products have less free energy than the reactants and are spontaneous

Question 22

Endergonic reactions

Answer 22

Reactions that require an input of energy. The products have more free energy than reactants and require an input of energy to run

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

Adenosine Triphosphate:

• Common energy currency for cells
• ATP generated from ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + an inorganic phosphate molecule
• ATP may be supplied because glucose breakdown provides the energy to build up ATP

Question 24

Structure of ATP

Answer 24

A nucleotide composed of: Adenine (nitrogen-containing base), Ribose (5-carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups

Question 25

Function of ATP

Answer 25

Used by cells for: Chemical work (energy to synthesize macromolecules), Transport work (energy to pump substances across membranes), Mechanical work (energy to make muscles contract, cilia and flagella beat, etc.)

Question 26

Coupled reactions

Answer 26

The energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

Question 27

Metabolic pathways

Answer 27

A series of linked reactions

Question 28

Enzymes

Answer 28

- Proteins - Catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) - Participate in chemical reactions, but aren't used up by the reaction

Question 29

Energy of activation

Answer 29

Energy that must be added to cause reactants to react with one another (ex. need a match to start a wood burning)

Question 30

Enzymes lower the energy of activation

Answer 30

- Don't change the end result of the reaction | - Increase the reaction rate

Question 31

Enzymes function

Answer 31

- Enzymes bind with a substrate to form a complex | - Active site is a small part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate

Question 32

Rate of enzymatic reaction may be influenced by:

Answer 32

- Substrate concentration - Temp and pH - Enzyme activation - Enzyme inhibition - Enzyme cofactors

Question 33

Substrate concentration

Answer 33

- Enzyme activity increases as substrate concentration increases - The maximum rate is reached when all active sites of an enzyme are filled continuously with substrate

Question 34

Enzyme inhibition

Answer 34

Occurs when substrate can't bind to active site of enzyme

Question 35

Simple enzyme inhibition

Answer 35

- When product is abundant and binds to enzyme's active site and blocks further production - When product is used up, it is removed from active site

Question 36

Complex enzyme inhibition

Answer 36

Product binds to a site other than active site, which changes the shape of active site

Question 37

Enzyme cofactors

Answer 37

- Some enzymes require an inorganic ion or non-protein organic molecule to assist in reaction - Inorganic ions like copper, zinc, or iron are cofactors

Question 38

Coenzymes

Answer 38

Organic non-protein cofactors

Question 39

Oxidation

Answer 39

The loss of electrons

Question 40

Reduction

Answer 40

The gain of electrons

Question 41

Redox reactions

Answer 41

Oxidation and reduction reactions coupled together (ex. Oxygen gains electrons - becomes reduced, Mg loses electrons - becomes oxidized)

Question 42

Oxidation-reduction

Answer 42

- Can also apply to covalent reactions involving hydrogen atoms (e- + H+) - Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen atoms - Reduction is the gain of hydrogen atoms